Table 4. Change in hand-grip strength and fast walking speed among community-dwelling older Japanese assessed at 1 or more follow-up surveys during the 6-year period from 1994 to 2000: Results from individual growth models by the linear mixed-effects model for repeated measurements.

	Hand-grip strength (kg) (n = 500)				Fast walking speed (m/sec) (n = 497)
	(Number of total analyzable observations = 1518)				(Number of total analyzable observations = 1465)
Fixed effect	Estimate	95% confidence interval		P value	Estimate	95% confidence interval		P value
Intercept	10.51	5.67	15.35	<0.001	1.545	1.189	1.900	<0.001
Time (1 year since baseline)	−0.70	−0.84	−0.57	<0.001	−0.027	−0.037	−0.016	<0.001
Sex (male)	10.93	9.84	12.02	<0.001	0.320	0.238	0.402	<0.001
Age at baseline (age 67 years = 0)	−0.33	−0.43	−0.23	<0.001	−0.026	−0.033	−0.018	<0.001
Time × sex	−0.27	−0.41	−0.12	<0.001	−0.008	−0.019	0.004	0.211
Time × baseline age	−0.02	−0.03	0.002	0.076	−0.001	−0.002	0.001	0.248
Body mass index (1 kg/m2)a	0.15	0.05	0.26	0.005	−0.008	−0.015	0.0003	0.056
Chronic medical condition (absent)a	0.29	−0.16	0.73	0.205	−0.032	−0.064	−0.0002	0.049
Complaint of pain (absent)a	0.01	−0.39	0.41	0.956	−0.035	−0.064	−0.006	0.017
History of hospitalization (absent)a	0.42	−0.19	1.03	0.180	0.041	−0.003	0.084	0.069
Serum albumin (1 g/L)a	0.20	0.10	0.30	<0.001	0.008	0.001	0.015	0.030
Depressive symptomatology (absent)a	0.65	0.22	1.08	0.003	0.064	0.033	0.094	<0.001
Intellectual activity (good)a	0.31	−0.11	0.72	0.150	0.031	0.001	0.060	0.043
Current alcohol consumption (yes)a,b	0.96	0.30	1.63	0.005	0.032	−0.015	0.080	0.184
(quit)a,b	0.17	−0.71	1.05	0.707	−0.048	−0.111	0.016	0.144
Current smoking habit (yes)a,b	1.08	−0.08	2.23	0.068	−0.025	−0.111	0.060	0.563
(quit)a,b	0.60	−0.30	1.51	0.192	−0.012	−0.079	0.054	0.719
Random effect	Estimate	Standard error		P value	Estimate	Standard error		P value
Variance in intercept	17.22	1.52		<0.001	0.106	0.009		<0.001
Variance in time slope	0.07	0.05		0.069	0.001	0.0002		<0.001

^aTime-dependent independent variable with potential to change over time.

^bAs compared with never drinkers or never smokers, respectively.