Table 4. Change in hand-grip strength and fast walking speed among community-dwelling older Japanese assessed at 1 or more follow-up surveys during the 6-year period from 1994 to 2000: Results from individual growth models by the linear mixed-effects model for repeated measurements.
Hand-grip strength (kg) (n = 500) | Fast walking speed (m/sec) (n = 497) | |||||||
(Number of total analyzable observations = 1518) | (Number of total analyzable observations = 1465) | |||||||
Fixed effect | Estimate | 95% confidence interval | P value | Estimate | 95% confidence interval | P value | ||
Intercept | 10.51 | 5.67 | 15.35 | <0.001 | 1.545 | 1.189 | 1.900 | <0.001 |
Time (1 year since baseline) | −0.70 | −0.84 | −0.57 | <0.001 | −0.027 | −0.037 | −0.016 | <0.001 |
Sex (male) | 10.93 | 9.84 | 12.02 | <0.001 | 0.320 | 0.238 | 0.402 | <0.001 |
Age at baseline (age 67 years = 0) | −0.33 | −0.43 | −0.23 | <0.001 | −0.026 | −0.033 | −0.018 | <0.001 |
Time × sex | −0.27 | −0.41 | −0.12 | <0.001 | −0.008 | −0.019 | 0.004 | 0.211 |
Time × baseline age | −0.02 | −0.03 | 0.002 | 0.076 | −0.001 | −0.002 | 0.001 | 0.248 |
Body mass index (1 kg/m2)a | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.26 | 0.005 | −0.008 | −0.015 | 0.0003 | 0.056 |
Chronic medical condition (absent)a | 0.29 | −0.16 | 0.73 | 0.205 | −0.032 | −0.064 | −0.0002 | 0.049 |
Complaint of pain (absent)a | 0.01 | −0.39 | 0.41 | 0.956 | −0.035 | −0.064 | −0.006 | 0.017 |
History of hospitalization (absent)a | 0.42 | −0.19 | 1.03 | 0.180 | 0.041 | −0.003 | 0.084 | 0.069 |
Serum albumin (1 g/L)a | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.30 | <0.001 | 0.008 | 0.001 | 0.015 | 0.030 |
Depressive symptomatology (absent)a | 0.65 | 0.22 | 1.08 | 0.003 | 0.064 | 0.033 | 0.094 | <0.001 |
Intellectual activity (good)a | 0.31 | −0.11 | 0.72 | 0.150 | 0.031 | 0.001 | 0.060 | 0.043 |
Current alcohol consumption (yes)a,b | 0.96 | 0.30 | 1.63 | 0.005 | 0.032 | −0.015 | 0.080 | 0.184 |
(quit)a,b | 0.17 | −0.71 | 1.05 | 0.707 | −0.048 | −0.111 | 0.016 | 0.144 |
Current smoking habit (yes)a,b | 1.08 | −0.08 | 2.23 | 0.068 | −0.025 | −0.111 | 0.060 | 0.563 |
(quit)a,b | 0.60 | −0.30 | 1.51 | 0.192 | −0.012 | −0.079 | 0.054 | 0.719 |
Random effect | Estimate | Standard error | P value | Estimate | Standard error | P value | ||
Variance in intercept | 17.22 | 1.52 | <0.001 | 0.106 | 0.009 | <0.001 | ||
Variance in time slope | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.069 | 0.001 | 0.0002 | <0.001 |
aTime-dependent independent variable with potential to change over time.
bAs compared with never drinkers or never smokers, respectively.