Table 4. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) associated with risk of atherosclerotic vascular events according to nondietary factors.

Factor	HRa	95% CI
Age (years)	1.05b	1.01–1.09
Duration of disease (years)	1.01	0.96–1.07
Habitual smoking	1.18	0.27–5.23
Lower education level (junior high school or lower)c	3.56	1.30–9.73
Body mass index 25≤d	1.35	0.48–3.76
Diabetes mellitus	2.75	0.63–12.00
Hyperlipidemia	1.27	0.41–3.90
Hypertension	1.04	0.37–2.94
Renal dysfunction (Serum creatinine ≥1.0 mg/dl)e	3.25	0.93–11.34
Prednisolone dosef	2.04	0.97–4.29

^aCox proportional hazards model was used to estimate HRs and 95% CIs; HRs were adjusted for age.

^bHR estimated for age only.

^cEducation level of high school or higher was defined as the referent category.

^dBody mass index <25 was defined as the referent category.

^eSerum creatinine <1.0 mg/dl was defined as the referent category.

^fPrednisolone dose was categorized into the 4 dose levels shown in Table 1. Dose level was treated as a continuous variable.