Table 2.

Treatment options for dystonia

Medication	Mechanism of action
2a) Oral medications
Trihexyphenidyl	Anticholinergic
Baclofen	GABA-B receptor agonist
Benzodiazepines	GABA enhancer
Lorazepam
Diazepam
Clonazepam
Carbidopa-levodopa	Metabolic precursor of dopamine
Muscle relaxants
Cycloben-zaprine	Skeletal muscle relaxant
Metaxalone	Skeletal muscle relaxant
Carisoprodol	Skeletal muscle relaxant
Methocar-bamol	Skeletal muscle relaxant
Orphenadrine	Skeletal muscle relaxant
Chlorzoxa-zone	Skeletal muscle relaxant
Sodium oxybate	Salt of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid
Tetrabenazine	Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 inhibitor. Weak D2 receptor antagonist
Clozapine	Dopamine receptor antagonist, mainly D4
Carbamazepine	Anticonvulsant, sodium channel inhibitor
Oxcarbazepine	Anticonvulsant, sodium channel inhibitor
Zolpidem	Non-benzodiazepine hypnotic, affinity for GABA-benzodiazepine subtype receptor BZ1 (ω1)
Pregabalin	Calcium channel inhibitor
2b) Non-pharmacologic therapies
Botulinum toxin
OnabotulinumtoxinA
AbobotulinumtoxinA
IncobotulinumtoxinA
RimabotulinumtoxinB
Surgery
Deep brain stimulation
Ablative procedures
Selective peripheral denervation
Intrathecal baclofen
Intraventricular baclofen
Oculofacial plastic procedures
Other therapies
Physical therapy
Braces
Eyelid crutches
Dental devices
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Transcranial alternating current stimulation

GABA = gamma aminobutyric acid