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Schematic shows how CXCL1 and CXCR2 in the spinal cord regulate neuropathic pain. SNL rapidly increases TNF-α expression, which acts on astrocytes to induce JNK activation, leading to the production of CXCL1. Upon release from astrocytes, CXCL1 acts on CXCR2 in neurons and induces the expression of pERK, pCREB, c-Fos, leading to the expression of late-response genes and subsequent maintenance of neuropathic pain.
