Table 1.
Osteoclastogenic cytokines.
| Cytokine | Mechanism of osteoclastogenic action | Evidence on direct effect on osteoclasts | Synergy/Antagonism with other pro-inflammatory cytokines | Evidence on opposite/anti-osteoclastogenic effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-1 | ↑ RANKL in stromal cells (54,172,173) | (174) | synergy with TNF-α (54), IL-6 and TNF-α (53) and PGE2(175) | |
| TNF-α | ↑ RANKL dependent osteoclastogenesis (176), ↑ RANKL (172,173) | (53,176–179) | synergy with IL-1 (54), with IL-1 and IL-6 (53), with RANKL (176) | |
| IL-6 | ↑ RANKL and OPG (180) | (181) | synergy with IL-1 and TNF-α (53,182), with TNF-α (183), with PGE2(184) | (48) |
| IL-8 | ↑ RANKL(78) | (78,185) | ↑ NO (104) | |
| IL-11 | ↑ RANKL/OPG (186) | (181) | antagonism with IL-6 (187) | |
| IL-15 | ↑ differentiation of OC (188) | synergy with TNF-α (188) | ||
| IL-17 | ↑ RANKL (189) | (190) | synergy with TNF-α and IL-1 (71–73), synergy with PGE2(189) | (74) |
| IL-32 | ↑ NFATc1, OSCAR and cathepsin K (191) | ↑ release of IL-4 and IFN-γ (191) |
IL - interleukin; TNF-α – tumor necrosis factor α; RANKL – receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand; OPG – osteoprotegerin; Th17 – IL-17 producing T helper cells; NFATc1 – nuclear factor of activated T cells; OSCAR – osteoclast associated immunoreceptor; PGE2 – prostaglandin E2; NO – nitric oxide; OC – osteoclast.