Table 3.

Generalized linear regression models showing the effects of genes on markers of insulin resistance/sensitivity

		Non- diabetic			Diabetic			p interaction
Allele	Phenotype	Effects size	95% CI	p	Effects size	95% CI	p
IRS1 A	Fasting glucose	0.09	−0.11 to 0.30	0.372	−0.53	−2.96 to 1.90	0.668	0.330
	2 h glucose	0.08	−0.36 to 0.51	0.723	2.33	−2.09 to 6.75	0.304	0.038
	HbA1c	0.02	−0.10 to 0.14	0.746	0.13	−1.04 to 1.31	0.823	0.853
	Fasting insulin	−1.02	−3.76 to 1.71	0.463	−3.27	−20.75 to 14.21	0.714	0.690
	2 h insulin	1.62	−15.50 to 18.75	0.853	2.36	−63.13 to 67.86	0.944	0.944
	Glucose/insulin	−0.14	−2.26 to 1.97	0.894	0.30	−8.40 to 9.00	0.946	0.896
	HOMA-IR	−0.22	−0.87 to 0.42	0.498	−2.03	−9.96 to 5.91	0.617	0.448
	QUICKI	0.002	−0.015 to 0.018	0.857	−0.001	−0.025 to 0.022	0.903	0.877
	FIRI	−0.20	−0.78 to 0.38	0.480	−1.82	−8.97 to 5.31	0.617	0.448
PPARG C	Fasting glucose	−0.06	−0.26 to 0.13	0.528	0.003	−1.71 to 1.72	0.995	0.970
	2 h glucose	−0.02	−0.44 to 0.41	0.933	−2.46	−5.68 to 0.76	0.137	0.002
	HbA1c	0.07	−0.04 to 0.19	0.216	−0.18	1.02 to 0.65	0.663	0.362
	Fasting insulin	−0.56	−3.21 to 2.09	0.617	−5.72	−18.00 to 6.57	0.363	0.283
	2 h insulin	34.0	15.9 to 52.2	0.0003	−14.4	−64.7 to 35.8	0.575	0.017
	Glucose/insulin	−0.21	−2.26 to 1.83	0.840	−2.62	−8.82 to 3.37	0.407	0.307
	HOMA-IR	−0.12	0.74 to 0.51	0.714	−2.31	−7.89 to 3.27	0.417	0.299
	QUICKI	0.0001	−0.015 to 0.016	0.924	−0.007	−0.024 to 0.009	0.377	0.481
	FIRI	−0.10	−0.67 to 0.46	0.714	−2.08	−7.10 to 2.94	0.417	0.299

Models are adjusted for age, sex and diabetes. FIRI, fasting insulin resistance index; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; IRS1, Insulin Substrate Receptor 1; PPARG, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma; QUICKI, the quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index.