Table 1.
Characteristics of Demographic Information and Health History
| Total sample (n = 487) | Engagement in MSA a, b
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High (n = 214) | Low (n = 266) | t or χ2 test | df | p | ||
| Age, mean (SD) | 65.06 (7.61) | 65.14 (7.31) | 64.95 (7.73) | 0.27 | 478 | .790 |
| Male, n (%) | 226 (46.4%) | 84 (39.3%) | 138 (51.9%) | 7.61 | 1 | .006 |
| White, n (%) | 449 (92.2%) | 200 (93.5%) | 244 (91.7%) | 0.51 | 1 | .475 |
| Education | 25.99 | 2 | < .001 | |||
| • High School graduate, GED or less | 138 (28.3%) | 38 (17.8%) | 99 (37.2%) | |||
| • Some college | 238 (48.9%) | 111 (51.9%) | 122 (45.9%) | |||
| • College graduate | 111 (22.8%) | 65 (30.4%) | 45 (16.9%) | |||
| Depressive symptoms, mean (SD) | 17.21 (5.35) | 17.01 (4.85) | 17.37 (5.78) | −0.72 | 477 | .467 |
| Perceived control, mean (SD) | 4.96 (0.53) | 4.95 (0.51) | 4.98 (0.55) | −0.62 | 478 | .532 |
| Regularly smoking, n (%) | 241 (49.5%) | 98 (45.8%) | 139 (52.3%) | 1.98 | 1 | .259 |
| Alcohol intake, n (%) | 204 (41.9%) | 98 (45.8%) | 103 (38.7%) | 2.44 | 1 | .118 |
| Use of beta blockers, n (%) | 108 (22.2%) | 43 (20.2%) | 64 (24.1%) | 1.02 | 1 | .312 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 322 (66.1%) | 143 (66.8%) | 177 (66.5%) | 0.03 | 1 | .863 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 68 (14.0%) | 32 (15.0%) | 34 (12.8%) | 0.47 | 1 | .492 |
| Heart attack, n (%) | 16 (3.3%) | 8 (3.7%) | 8 (3.0%) | 2.79 | 1 | .248 |
| MSA, mean (SD) c | 3.74 (0.86) | 2.97 (0.48) | 4.36 (0.53) | −30.02 | 472 | <.001 |
| Executive function, mean of Z scores (SD) | −0.09 (0.85) | 0.11 (0.79) | −0.26 (0.85) | 4.86 | 478 | <.001 |
Note.
a
7 cases were not available;
b
median score 3.50 as the cut-off score.
c
Lower scores indicated higher frequency.
Bold indicates a significant p value.