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Phylogeny of aphids and sister groups. Cyclical parthenogenesis and viviparity are serially acquired in the Aphidoidea lineage. Extant species numbers in the families are indicated below each family name. Considerable diversification is seen in Aphididae, showing both of cyclical parthenogenesis and viviparity. The phylogeny and extant species numbers are based on Davis (2012) and Aphid Species File (Version 5.0/5.0, http://aphid.speciesfile.org/), respectively.
