Table 2. Baseline characteristics of study subjects.
| Intervention group (n = 31) |
Control group (n = 34) |
P | |
| Age (years) | 85 (74–96) | 84 (77–96) | 0.45 |
| Male/female (n) | 6/25 | 6/28 | 0.86 |
| Height (cm) | 146 (130–172) | 146 (134–175) | 0.69 |
| Weight (kg) | 49.1 (32.8–73.5) | 47.5 (35.0–65.5) | 0.74 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.2 (16.5–32.7) | 22.1 (15.8–29.2) | 0.98 |
| Long-term care level (n) | |||
| Support required | 14 | 16 | 0.88 |
| Level 1 | 17 | 18 | |
| Physical performance | |||
| Lower-limb strength (kg) | 14.5 (5.3–28.0) | 13.6 (0–28.0) | 0.37 |
| Grip strength (kg) | 15.3 (8.0–29.2) | 16.4 (8.7–34.8) | 0.63 |
| Timed 1-legged standing (sec) | 2.0 (0–21.0) | 1.5 (0–6.0) | 0.43 |
| Sit-and-reach test (cm) | 21.0 (3.0–45.0) | 25.5 (8.0–50.0) | 0.26 |
| 6-minute walking distance (m) | 240 (41–369)a | 230 (154–339) | 0.51 |
| Walking abilityb | |||
| Walking speed (m/sec) | 0.63 (0.25–1.16) | 0.66 (0.29–1.06) | 0.38 |
| Stride length (m) | 0.35 (0.17–0.52) | 0.37 (0.21–0.55) | 0.28 |
| Knee joint angle (°) | 169 (150–179) | 168 (145–176) | 0.80 |
| Trunk angle (°) | 168 (138–176) | 165 (113–176) | 0.26 |
| Thigh angle (°) | 22.0 (12.9–35.5) | 22.9 (13.9–33.8) | 0.69 |
| Daily physical activityc | |||
| Total steps per day | 1068 (233–4691) | 914 (134–3218) | 0.23 |
| Energy expenditure (kcal/day) | 1241 (1005–1690) | 1221 (1041–1632) | 0.46 |
| Health-related quality of lifed | |||
| IADL | 5.0 (1–7) | 4.0 (0–7) | 0.18 |
| MMSE | 22.0 (14–30) | 23.0 (8–28) | 0.82 |
| PGC-morale scale | 7.0 (2–11) | 6.0 (1–11) | 0.26 |
| GDS | 2.0 (0–4) | 3.0 (0–5) | 0.24 |
| TMIG-IC | 6.5 (0–12) | 5.0 (1–12) | 0.23 |
| Falls efficacy scale | 29.0 (14–37) | 28.0 (16–36) | 0.50 |
Values are shown as the median (range) or number. The P value was calculated using the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables and the χ2 test for categorical variables. IADL, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; PGC-morale scale, Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; TMIG-IC, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence.
an = 30.
bn = 25 for the intervention group and 30 for the control group.
cn = 28 for the intevention group and 31 for the control group.
dn = 26 for the intevention group and 33 for the control group.