Table 3. Changes in physical performance, walking ability, daily physical activity, and health-related quality of life in intervention group subjects and control subjects after 12 months of intervention.

	Intervention group	Control group	P
Physical performanced
Lower-limb strength (kg)	5.0c	−1.2	0.004
Grip strength (kg)	−0.2	−2.6c	<0.001
Timed 1-legged standing (sec)	0	0.3	0.99
Sit-and-reach test (cm)	8.5c	0	<0.001
6-minute walking distance (m)e	18.0	−37.0a	0.022
Walking abilityf
Walking speed (m/sec)	0.15	−0.09b	0.005
Stride length (m)	0.06	−0.03c	0.002
Knee joint angle (°)	−3.1	−3.6	0.56
Trunk angle (°)	−1.9	−0.8	0.69
Thigh angle (°)	2.7	1.8	0.31
Daily physical activityg
Total steps per day	−269c	−205c	0.96
Energy expenditure (kcal/day)	−11b	−31b	0.78
Health-related quality of lifeh
IADL	1.0b	0.5	0.38
MMSE	2.0	1.0b	0.75
PGC-morale scale	1.0	0.0	0.44
GDS	0.0	−0.5	0.77
TMIG-IC	0.0	−1.0	0.12
Falls efficacy scale	4.0c	−0.5	0.06

Values are shown as the median of individual changes after the intervention period in each group. The P value was calculated for the difference between the 2 groups by using the Mann-Whitney U test. IADL, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; PGC-morale scale, Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; TMIG-IC, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence.

^aP = 0.05, ^bP < 0.05, ^cP < 0.01 for the difference between the measurements before and after the intervention period on the signed rank test.

^dn = 24 for the intervention group and 23 for the control group, except for 6-minute walking distance.

^en = 21 for the intervention group and 21 for the control group.

^fn = 16 for the intervention group and 17 for the control group.

^gn = 21 for the intervention group and 17 for the control group.

^hn = 23 for the intervention group and 26 for the control group.