Table 5. Odd ratios (95% CI) of diminished self-rated health by effort–reward imbalance at school, by sex and grade level.
| Model I | Model II | Model III | Model IV | |
| Effort (per SD) | 1.28 (1.10, 1.48)b | 1.27 (1.09, 1.49)b | 1.26 (1.08, 1.48)b | 1.23 (1.05, 1.44)a |
| Reward (per SD) | 0.61 (0.52, 0.71)c | 0.60 (0.51, 0.71)c | 0.61 (0.52, 0.72)c | 0.65 (0.55, 0.76)c |
| Overcommitment (per SD) | 1.16 (1.01, 1.32)a | 1.16 (1.01, 1.33)a | 1.15 (1.00, 1.32)a | 1.12 (0.98, 1.29) |
| Effort–reward ratio | ||||
| Lower tertile | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Intermediate tertile | 1.88 (1.35, 2.63)c | 1.80 (1.27, 2.56)c | 1.72 (1.21, 2.45)c | 1.67 (1.17, 2.39)c |
| Upper tertile | 3.52 (2.53, 4.89)c | 3.39 (2.37, 4.83)c | 3.25 (2.27, 4.65)c | 2.80 (1.94, 4.03)c |
| Log (effort/reward) (per SD) | 1.86 (1.60, 2.17)c | 1.85 (1.57, 2.18)c | 1.81 (1.53, 2.14)c | 1.67 (1.41, 1.98)c |
| Sex (fully adjusted model) | Grade (fully adjusted model) | |||
| Boys | Girls | Middle schools (Grade 7–9) |
High schools (Grade 10–12) |
|
| Effort (per SD) | 0.96 (0.76, 1.23) | 1.52 (1.22, 1.88)c | 1.14 (0.89, 1.46) | 1.26 (1.04, 1.52)a |
| Reward (per SD) | 0.57 (0.44, 0.74)c | 0.71 (0.57, 0.89)b | 0.68 (0.54, 0.85)b | 0.67 (0.55, 0.82)c |
| Overcommitment (per SD) | 0.94 (0.76, 1.18) | 1.28 (1.06, 1.55)b | 1.12 (0.90, 1.40) | 1.13 (0.95, 1.36) |
| Effort–reward ratio | ||||
| Lower tertile | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Intermediate tertile | 1.35 (0.76, 2.38) | 2.09 (1.29, 3.30)c | 1.34 (0.78, 2.30) | 1.57 (1.00, 2.47)a |
| Upper tertile | 1.98 (1.11, 3.53)a | 3.16 (1.97, 5.10)c | 2.54 (1.48, 4.37)c | 3.15 (2.01, 4.94)c |
| Log (effort/reward) (per SD) | 1.41 (1.10, 1.81)b | 1.95 (1.54, 2.45)c | 1.60 (1.25, 2.06)c | 1.67 (1.29, 2.11)c |
aP < 0.05, bP < 0.01, cP < 0.001.
Model I: non-adjusted.
Model II: adjustment for sex, age, and grade level.
Model III: Model II + additional adjustment for smoking, alcohol drinking, and physical activity.
Model IV: Model III + additional adjustment for family wealth.