Table 3. Sources of secondhand smoke exposure by sociodemographic characteristics in nonsmokinga pregnant women in the Greek RHEA birth cohort study, 2007–2008.
| Exposure at home | Exposure at workd | Exposure in public place | Exposure in car | Exposure in other places | |||||||
| Exposed | Unexposed | Exposed | Unexposed | Exposed | Unexposed | Exposed | Unexposed | Exposed | Unexposed | ||
| Ageb | Maternal age (m ± SD) | 29.3 ± 5.2* | 30.7 ± 4.4 | 30.2 ± 4.0* | 31.7 ± 4.6 | 29.3 ± 4.9* | 30.3 ± 5.2 | 28.0 ± 5.3* | 30.3 ± 4.8 | 28.9 ± 5.0* | 30.8 ± 4.9 |
| Paternal age (m ± SD) | 33.2 ± 5.7* | 34.3 ± 5.7 | 33.1 ± 5.0* | 35.1 ± 5.5 | 32.9 ± 5.7* | 34.4 ± 5.8 | 32.2 ± 5.9* | 34.0 ± 5.6 | 32.9 ± 5.6* | 34.4 ± 5.9 | |
| Residencec | Urban % | 71 | 28.8 | 51.1 | 48.9 | 64.7 | 35.3 | 25.0* | 75.0 | 57.3* | 42.7 |
| Rural % | 75 | 25.0 | 37.5 | 62.5 | 60.4 | 39.6 | 37.3* | 62.7 | 66.3* | 33.7 | |
| Ethnicityc | Greek % | 72 | 27.9 | 48.9 | 51.1 | 66.2* | 33.8 | 27.8 | 72.2 | 59.9 | 40.1 |
| Non-Greek % | 70 | 30.5 | 48.6 | 51.4 | 46.3* | 53.7 | 28.6 | 71.4 | 57.1 | 42.9 | |
| Paternal ethnicityc | Greek % | 72 | 27.7 | 49.3 | 50.7 | 65.6* | 34.4 | 27.6 | 72.4 | 59.6 | 40.4 |
| Non-Greek % | 68 | 31.8 | 43.8 | 56.3 | 48.2* | 51.8 | 30.7 | 69.3 | 59.1 | 40.9 | |
| Educationc | Low % | 84* | 15.7 | 43.2 | 56.8 | 58.8 | 41.2 | 39.3* | 60.7 | 66.1* | 33.9 |
| Medium % | 75* | 24.7 | 53.0 | 47.0 | 64.0 | 36.0 | 31.6* | 68.4 | 63.9* | 36.1 | |
| High % | 58* | 41.9 | 53.8 | 53.8 | 67.1 | 32.9 | 15.6* | 84.4 | 48.9* | 51.1 | |
| Paternal educationc | Low % | 84 | 16.4 | 49.4 | 50.6 | 62.3 | 37.7 | 42.9* | 57.1 | 72.1* | 27.9 |
| Medium % | 74* | 25.6 | 50.3 | 49.7 | 63.8 | 36.2 | 26.0* | 74.0 | 61.7* | 38.3 | |
| High % | 48* | 52.2 | 52.8 | 52.8 | 66.1 | 33.9 | 9.2* | 90.8 | 38.0* | 62.0 | |
| Paternal smoking status | Nonsmoker % | 50* | 50.3 | 50.2 | 49.8 | 63.3 | 36.7 | 12.3* | 87.7 | 55.3* | 44.7 |
| Smoker % | 100* | 0.0 | 46.9 | 53.1 | 64.5 | 35.5 | 47.9* | 52.1 | 65.0* | 35.0 | |
| Parityc | Multipara % | 71 | 29.2 | 46.1 | 53.9 | 61.1† | 38.9 | 27.5 | 72.5 | 58.1 | 41.9 |
| Primipara % | 74 | 26.5 | 53.5 | 46.5 | 68.4† | 31.6 | 28.6 | 71.4 | 61.9 | 38.1 | |
| No. of children in housec | 1–2 | 67* | 33.1 | 48.9 | 51.1 | 64.3 | 35.7 | 25.7 | 74.3 | 58.3 | 41.7 |
| 3+ | 79* | 20.9 | 45.3 | 54.7 | 56.4 | 43.6 | 32.3 | 67.7 | 58.7 | 41.3 | |
| Total population % (n) | 71.8 (584) | 28.2 (229) | 48.8 (189) | 51.2 (198) | 63.8 (515) | 36.2 (292) | 27.9 (231) | 72.1 (597) | 40.5 (493) | 59.5 (335) | |
aNonsmoking status was defined as a pregnant woman who had not smoked cigarettes for at least 3 months before conception; P values based on 2-sided tests: †<0.05, *<0.001.
b2-sided t-test.
c2-sided chi-square test.
d387 women worked during pregnancy; only these women were analyzed.