Table 1.
In vitro chondrogenesis using adult human stem cells.
| Tissue Source | Isolation Method | Culture System | Growth Factors |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bone Marrow [26] | Precoll | Pellet | TGF-β1 |
| Bone Marrow [12,27] | Precoll | Pellet | TGF-β3 |
| Bone Marrow [28] | Precoll | Pellet | TGF-β1, 2, 3 |
| Bone Marrow [29] | Ficoll→CD105(+)cells | Alginate beads | BMP-2, GDF-2 |
| Bone Marrow [30,34] | Ficoll | Pellet | TGF-β3, BMP-6 |
| Bone Marrow [31] | Precoll | Pellet | TGF-β3, BMP-2 |
| Bone Marrow [32] | N/A | Pellet | TGF-β3, BMP-2, IGF-1 |
| Adipose [38] | Collagenase→Attached cells | Micromass | TGF-β1 |
| Adipose [41] | Collagenase→Attached cells | Alginate Beads | TGF-β1 |
| Adipose [42] | Collagenase→Attached cells | Pellet | TGF-β2, IGF-1 |
| Adipose [43] | Collagenase→Attached cells | Alginate Beads | TGF-β1, 3, BMP-6, IGF-1 |
| Adipose [49] | Collagenase→Attached cells | Pellet | TGF-β3 |
| Adipose [44] | Collagenase→Attached cells | Pellet | TGF-β2, BMP-2, 6, 7 |
| Syovium [50] | Collagenase→Attached cells | Micromass | TGF-β1 |
| Syovium [16] | Collagenase→Attached cells | Pellet, collagen gel | TGF-β3, BMP-2 |
| Synovium [55] | Collagenase→Attached cells | Pellet | TGF-β3, BMP-2, IGF-1, FGF-2, Retinoic Acid |
| Periosteum [50] | Collagenase→Attached cells | Micromass | TGF-β1, BMP2, 4, 7, GDF-5 |
| Periosteum [16] | Collagenase→Attached cells | Pellet | TGF-β3, BMP-2 |
| Muscle [63] | Trypsin→Attached cells | Pellet | TGF-β1 |
| Muscle [16] | Collagenase→Attached cells | Pellet | TGF-β3, BMP-2 |
| Muscle [64] | CD56+34+144+ cells | Pellet | TGF-β3, BMP-4 |
| Traumatized Muscle [65] | Collagenase→Attached cells | Pellet | TGF-β3 |