FIG. 4.

The APE1 galaxy. As highlighted within, APE1 has multiple biochemical activities that impart multiple biological roles. These functions affect various cellular processes that can ultimately impact disease susceptibility, therapeutic response, and prognosis. In addition, complex mechanisms that involve protein interactions and PTMs regulate not only the activities of APE1, but also its intra-cellular compartmentalization. See text for details. To see this illustration in color, the reader is referred to the web version of this article at www.liebertpub.com/ars