Table 3.
Studies of APE1 in Cancer
| Cancer type | Study highlights | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| NSCLC | More cytoplasmic APE1 expression in tumor cells | (93) |
| Higher APE1 nuclear staining associated with better overall survival | ||
| Predominantly nuclear APE1 expression in tumor cells | (163) | |
| Cytoplasmic staining of APE1 associated with poor prognosis for adenocarcinoma or lymph node metastasis | ||
| Increased APE1 expression in tumor cells | (222) | |
| Nuclear/cytoplasmic APE1 expression more prominent in tumor cells | ||
| Mainly nuclear expression in normal cells | ||
| High expression associated with cisplatin resistance, and poor disease-free and overall survival | ||
| Nuclear/cytoplasmic APE1 expression more prominent in tumor cells | (232) | |
| Higher cytoplasmic APE1 expression associated with adenocarcinoma, stage II+III, and HPV E6-positive tumors | ||
| High cytoplasmic APE1 is an independent, poor prognostic factor for NSCLC | ||
| Nuclear/cytoplasmic APE1 expression more prominent in tumor cells | (96) | |
| Increased cytoplasmic expression associated with recurrence of adenocarcinoma | ||
| Ovarian | Nuclear/cytoplasmic APE1 expression more prominent in tumor cells | (157) |
| High APE1 expression associated with advanced tumor (>grade 3) and poor prognosis | ||
| Both nuclear and cytoplasmic APE1 expression patterns in tumor cells | (4) | |
| Nuclear expression associated with cancer type, optimal debulking, and overall survival | ||
| Increased cytoplasmic APE1 expression in tumor cells | (146) | |
| Mainly nuclear APE1 expression in normal cells | ||
| Cytoplasmic and nuclear/cytoplasmic expression patterns in tumor cells | (190) | |
| Cytoplasmic expression associated with low differentiation, poor overall, and disease-free survival | ||
| Breast | More cytoplasmic expression in tumor cells | (94) |
| Mainly nuclear APE1 expression in normal cells | ||
| Nuclear staining associated with low angiogenesis, negative LN status | ||
| Cytoplasmic staining associated with high angiogenesis, positive LN status | ||
| Predominantly nuclear APE1 expression in tumor cells | (164) | |
| Cytoplasmic staining associated with percentage of positive p53 staining | ||
| Nuclear/cytoplasmic staining associated with poor survival | ||
| APE1 is an independent prognostic factor for survival | ||
| Increased nuclear APE1 expression in tumor cells | (162) | |
| Increased cytoplasmic APE1K27–35Ac in TNBC | ||
| Exclusively nuclear APE1K27–35Ac in normal cells | ||
| High overall expression and acetylation of APE1 are associated with TNBC | ||
| Cervical | Increased overall APE1 expression in tumor cells | (79) |
| High expression associated with radio-resistance | ||
| Prostate | More cytoplasmic APE1 observed in PIN and malignant cancer | (100) |
| Both nuclear and cytoplasmic staining increased in PIN and malignant cancer | ||
| Predominantly nuclear APE1 expression in normal cells | ||
| Bladder | Predominantly nuclear APE1 expression in tumor cells | (176) |
| High expression associated with radio-sensitivity, improved survival | ||
| Rectal | Nuclear/cytoplasmic APE1 expression more prominent in tumor cells | (105) |
| Cytoplasmic expression associated with poor disease-free survival with pre-operative radio/chemotherapy | ||
| Gastro-oesophageal | Nuclear/cytoplasmic APE1 expression more prominent in tumor cells | (4) |
| Nuclear expression inversely associated with overall survival with neo-adjuvant chemotherapy | ||
| Cytoplasmic expression associated with cancer differentiation | ||
| Pancreatico-biliary | Nuclear/cytoplasmic APE1 expression more prominent in tumor cells | (4) |
| Subcellular distribution varied among cancer types | ||
| Absence of cytoplasmic expression associated with perineural invasion, vascular invasion and impaired differentiation | ||
| Hepatocellular | Increased cytoplasmic APE1 expression in tumor cells | (38) |
| Cytoplasmic expression associated with poor differentiation, poor survival | ||
| Osteosarcoma | Increased overall APE1 expression in tumor cells | (221) |
| High expression associated with poor survival | ||
| Multiple myeloma | High overall expression associated with recurrence and malignancy | (238) |
| Head & neck | Cytoplasmic and nuclear/cytoplasmic expression pattern more prominent in tumor cells | (111) |
| Nuclear/cytoplasmic expression pattern in normal cells | ||
| Nuclear staining associated with differentiation, positive LN status, and poor survival | ||
| Nuclear APE1 staining inversely related to nuclear accumulation of p53 and response to chemotherapy | ||
| Higher APE1 mRNA in advanced tumor (Stage III/IV) and large tumor (T3/T4) with LN metastasis | (132) | |
| Gliomas | High AP endonuclease activity associated with malignancy | (13) |
| Pediatric ependymoma | Exclusively nuclear APE1 expression in tumor cells | (15) |
| Low AP endonuclease activity associated with better disease-free survival with radiotherapy | ||
| Germ cell | Nuclear/cytoplasmic expression pattern more prominent in tumor cells | (170) |
| Increased overall APE1 expression in tumor cells | ||
| Predominantly nuclear APE1 expression in normal cells | ||
| High expression associated with resistance to bleomycin and radiation |
NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; HPV, human papillomavirus; LN, lymph node; TNBC, triple negative breast cancer; PIN, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia.