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The mass of the catalytic cap, which reaches a maximum thickness σmax at the pole, introduces a gravitational energy cost to rotating the Janus spheres about its center and turning the center of mass (C.O.M.) from its lowest energy position at θ = 0°. We measured the instantaneous velocity (Vm) and direction (θm) from the 2D trajectories and corrected for the settling effect of gravity (vs), giving the actual values VA and θA.
