Table 2.
First trimester fetal growth and childhood cardiovascular risk factors (n=1184)*
| Cardiovascular risk factor | No | Difference (95% CI) in cardiovascular risk factors per SDS change in first trimester fetal crown to rump length | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basic model | P value | Confounder model† | P value | Fetal pathway model‡ | P value | Childhood pathway model§ | P value | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 1181 | −0.06 (−0.16 to 0.04) | 0.23 | −0.04 (−0.14 to 0.05) | 0.38 | −0.08 (−0.18 to 0.02) | 0.10 | — | — |
| Total fat mass (%) | 1152 | −0.41 (−0.70 to −0.13) | 0.01 | −0.30 (−0.57 to −0.03) | 0.03 | −0.31 (−0.59 to −0.04) | 0.03 | −0.16 (−0.36 to 0.04) | 0.11 |
| Android fat mass (%) | 1151 | −0.08 (−0.14 to −0.03) | <0.01 | −0.07 (−0.12 to −0.02) | 0.01 | −0.07 (−0.12 to −0.01) | 0.02 | −0.04 (−0.08 to 0) | 0.07 |
| Gynoid fat mass (%) | 1151 | 0.05 (−0.04 to 0.14) | 0.27 | 0.05 (−0.04 to 0.14) | 0.32 | 0.05 (−0.04 to 0.14) | 0.25 | 0.06 (−0.03 to 0.15) | 0.17 |
| Android/gynoid fat mass ratio | 1151 | −0.62 (−0.98 to −0.26) | <0.01 | −0.53 (−0.89 to −0.17) | <0.01 | −0.52 (−0.88 to −0.16) | <0.01 | −0.38 (−0.68 to −0.08) | 0.01 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 1125 | −0.22 (−0.70 to 0.27) | 0.39 | −0.10 (−0.59 to 0.39) | 0.69 | −0.09 (−0.58 to 0.41) | 0.74 | −0.01 (−0.50 to 0.47) | 0.96 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 1125 | −0.51 (−0.92 to −0.10) | 0.02 | −0.43 (−0.84 to −0.01) | 0.04 | −0.42 (−0.84 to 0) | 0.05 | −0.40 (−0.81 to 0.02) | 0.06 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 794 | −0.05 (−0.10 to 0) | 0.04 | −0.05 (−0.10 to 0) | 0.04 | −0.06 (−0.10 to −0.01) | 0.03 | −0.05 (−0.10 to 0) | 0.04 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 794 | −0.01 (−0.04 to 0.01) | 0.29 | −0.01 (−0.04 to 0.01) | 0.27 | −0.01 (−0.04 to 0.01) | 0.25 | −0.01 (−0.04 to 0.01) | 0.23 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 793 | −0.04 (−0.08 to 0) | 0.06 | −0.04 (−0.09 to 0) | 0.06 | −0.04 (−0.09 to 0) | 0.06 | −0.04 (−0.09 to 0) | 0.06 |
| HDL/LDL cholesterol ratio | 786 | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.02) | 0.20 | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03) | 0.21 | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03) | 0.19 | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03) | 0.22 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L)¶ | 789 | 0.01 (−0.03 to 0.04) | 0.71 | 0.00 (−0.03 to 0.04) | 0.86 | 0.01 (−0.03 to 0.04) | 0.76 | 0.01 (−0.03 to 0.04) | 0.69 |
| Insulin (pmol/L)¶ | 785 | −0.01 (−0.07 to 0.05) | 0.66 | −0.02 (−0.08 to 0.04) | 0.49 | −0.02 (−0.08 to 0.04) | 0.54 | −0.01 (−0.07 to 0.05) | 0.63 |
HDL=high density lipoprotein; LDL=low density lipoprotein; SDS=standard deviation score.
*Values are regression coefficients (95% confidence interval) that reflect the difference in childhood outcomes per SDS first trimester crown to rump length. Basic model was adjusted for duration of last menstrual cycle and child’s sex and age at outcome measurements. Models for fat mass outcomes were additionally adjusted for current childhood height.
†Confounders include maternal age, educational level, ethnicity, parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, smoking during pregnancy, folic acid supplement use, and breastfeeding duration.
‡Model additionally adjusted for gestational age and weight at birth.
§Model additionally adjusted for childhood current body mass index.
¶Variables were log transformed.