INS1 cell lines stably expressing shRNA directed against JNK1, JNK2, JNK3 or the non-sense (ns) control were exposed to 0.5 mM palmitate and 25 mM glucose for 4–16 h (+). Relative mRNA expression was measured using quantitative RT-PCR and normalized to Hprt1. Relative sXBP1mRNA expression at A: 4 h, B: 12 h. C: Time-course analysis of P-eIF2α protein expression analyzed by Western blotting. Protein was isolated from INS1 cells exposed to 0.5 mM palmitate and 25 mM glucose for 0.5–24 h. Actin was used as loading control, representative blots are shown. Data are shown with+SEM of three independent experiments. D: Protein was isolated from INS1 cell lines stably expressing JNK1, JNK2 or JNK3 shRNA or the non-sense (ns) shRNA control after 16 h of palmitate and high glucose exposure, and p-eIF2α levels were analyzed by Western blotting. Actin was used as the loading control, representative blots are shown. Relative ATF-4 mRNA expression at E: 12 h, F: 16 h. Relative ATF-3 mRNA expression at G: 12 h, H: 16 h. Data are shown with+SEM of five independent experiments. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.