Table 1. Mean height- and body mass index-for-age z-scores according to population characteristics, DHS/Brazil, 2006.
| Child, maternal and household characteristics | n1 | HAZ2 | p4 | n1 | BAZ5 | p4 |
| Mean (SE)3 | Mean (SE)3 | |||||
| Child's sex | 0.04 | 0.41 | ||||
| Male | 2,059 | −0.37 (0.05) | 2,048 | 0.46 (0.04) | ||
| Female | 1,949 | −0.23 (0.05) | 1,941 | 0.41(0.04) | ||
| Child's age (months) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| 0–12 | 867 | 0.20 (0.09) | 861 | 0.14 (0.07) | ||
| 13–24.99 | 766 | −0.38 (0.10) | 760 | 0.49 (0.08) | ||
| 25–36.99 | 780 | −0.47 (0.06) | 777 | 0.62 (0.05) | ||
| 37–48.99 | 810 | −0.43 (0.06) | 808 | 0.57 (0.06) | ||
| 49–60 | 785 | −0.33 (0.08) | 783 | 0.35 (0.06) | ||
| Child's HAZ | — | — | 3,989 | 0.45 (0.03) | 0.04 | |
| Child's BAZ | 4,008 | −0.30 (0.04) | 0.15 | — | — | |
| Maternal age (years) | <0.0001 | 0.70 | ||||
| 15–19 | 342 | −0.45 (0.13) | 337 | 0.37 (0.12) | ||
| 20–24 | 1,164 | −0.44 (0.06) | 1,162 | 0.40 (0.06) | ||
| 25–29 | 1,141 | −0.19 (0.08) | 1,134 | 0.42 (0.06) | ||
| 30–34 | 759 | −0.13 (0.06) | 756 | 0.52 (0.06) | ||
| 35–39 | 398 | −0.33 (0.13) | 398 | 0.49 (0.09) | ||
| ≥40 | 204 | −0.34 (0.12) | 202 | 0.50 (0.11) | ||
| Maternal education (years) | <0.0001 | 0.03 | ||||
| 0 | 117 | −1.00 (0.28) | 119 | 0.48 (0.20) | ||
| 1–4 | 906 | −0.63 (0.07) | 904 | 0.28 (0.07) | ||
| 5–8 | 1,447 | −0.30 (0.05) | 1,438 | 0.51 (0.05) | ||
| 1,279 | −0.11 (0.07) | 1,272 | 0.40 (0.05) | |||
| 12+ | 237 | −0.28 (0.16) | 234 | 0.63 (0.11) | ||
| Maternal parity | <0.0001 | 0.14 | ||||
| 0–1 | 1,291 | −0.20 (0.06) | 1,281 | 0.46 (0.06) | ||
| 2–3 | 1,991 | −0.31 (0.05) | 1,982 | 0.44 (0.04) | ||
| ≥4 | 726 | −0.70 (0.07) | 726 | 0.31 (0.06) | ||
| Maternal marital status | 0.87 | 0.30 | ||||
| Married | 3,406 | −0.31 (0.05) | 3,391 | 0.45 (0.03) | ||
| Single | 226 | −0.33 (0.14) | 225 | 0.23 (0.20) | ||
| Widowed | 19 | −0.10 (0.30) | 19 | 1.18 (0.44) | ||
| Divorced | 355 | −0.25 (0.12) | 352 | 0.44 (0.10) | ||
| Maternal smoking status | 0.06 | 0.91 | ||||
| No | 3,402 | −0.48 (0.11) | 3,386 | 0.45 (0.11) | ||
| Yes | 606 | −0.27 (0.04) | 603 | 0.43 (0.03) | ||
| Household situation | 0.29 | 0.44 | ||||
| Urban | 2,636 | −0.28 (0.04) | 2,624 | 0.44 (0.04) | ||
| Rural | 1,372 | −0.41 (0.11) | 1,365 | 0.39 (0.05) | ||
| Household income 6 (quartiles) | <0.0001 | 0.001 | ||||
| 1st Quartile (0–270) | 866 | −0.60 (0.07) | 865 | 0.25 (0.06) | ||
| 2nd Quartile (271–500) | 1,011 | −0.42 (0.08) | 1,006 | 0.40 (0.06) | ||
| 3rd Quartile (501–972) | 771 | −0.15 (0.06) | 767 | 0.59 (0.07) | ||
| 4th Quartile (≥973) | 908 | −0.13 (0.08) | 903 | 0.48 (0.07) | ||
| Household food security | <0.0001 | 0.34 | ||||
| Food secure | 1,926 | −0.15 (0.06) | 1,913 | 0.46 (0.04) | ||
| Mild food insecurity | 1,139 | −0.38 (0.05) | 1,113 | 0.44 (0.06) | ||
| Moderate food insecurity | 494 | −0.54 (0.09) | 493 | 0.36 (0.08) | ||
| Severe food insecurity | 327 | −0.80 (0.11) | 329 | 0.29 (0.11) |
Note: 1Sample crude n;
2
HAZ: height-to-age z-score;
3
Mean and standard error accounting for the complex survey design;
4
Overall F-test;
5
BAZ: body mass index-to-age z-score;
6
In 2006–07, 1 real = US$ 0.47.