Table 2. Children height-for-age z-scores according to maternal anthropometry, DHS/Brazil, 2006.
| Maternal anthropometry | HAZ | ||||||
| N | Mean (SE) | p1 | Unadjusted difference (95%CI) | p2 | Adjusted3 difference (95%CI) | p2 | |
| Height | 3,995 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||
| <145 cm | 123 | −1.22 (0.14) | −1.29 (−1.59, −0.98) | −1.15 (−1.45, −0.85) | |||
| 145–149 cm | 397 | −0.99 (0.07) | −1.05 (−1.24, −0.87) | −0.94 (−1.13, −0.74) | |||
| 150–154 cm | 964 | −0.58 (0.06) | −0.64 (−0.80, −0.49) | −0.57 (−0.74, −0.40) | |||
| 155–159 cm | 1,228 | −0.27 (0.06) | −0.33 (−0.50, −0.17) | −0.25 (−0.42, −0.08) | |||
| ≥160 cm | 1,283 | 0.07 (0.07) | Reference | Reference | |||
| Body Mass Index | 3,990 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.14 | |||
| Undernutrition (<18.5 kg/m2) | 174 | −0.57 (0.18) | −0.21 (−0.56, 0.14) | −0.12 (−0.45, 0.22) | |||
| Eutrophic (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 2,173 | −0.36 (0.04) | Reference | Reference | |||
| Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) | 1,067 | −0.15 (0.08) | 0.21 (0.04, 0.37) | 0.16 (−0.01, 0.34) | |||
| Obesity I (30–34.9 kg/m2) | 399 | −0.26 (0.11) | 0.10 (−0.11, 0.31) | 0.10 (−0.10, 0.30) | |||
| Obesity II–III (≥35 kg/m2) | 177 | −0.40 (0.09) | −0.05 (−0.24, 0.15) | −0.07 (−0.30, 0.16) | |||
| Waist circumference | 3,901 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.01 | |||
| Eutrophic (<80 cm) | 1,836 | −0.46 (0.05) | Reference | Reference | |||
| Overweight (80–87.9 cm) | 943 | −0.20 (0.07) | 0.26 (0.09, 0.42) | 0.21 (0.04, 0.38) | |||
| Obesity (≥88 cm) | 1,122 | −0.14 (0.07) | 0.32 (0.15, 0.48) | 0.32 (0.06, 0.58) | |||
Note: 1Overall F-test;
2
Test for linear trend;
3
mean differences adjusted for maternal age, maternal education, smoking status, maternal parity, household income and household food security.
The model for waist circumference was additionally adjusted for maternal height and maternal BMI. Sample sizes for adjusted models were 3,420, 3,415 and 3,335 for maternal height, BMI and WC, respectively. HAZ: height-to-age z-score; WC: waist circumference; BMI: body mass index.