Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics and Diagnoses of Study Participants
| Characteristics | Cases |
Controls |
Total | P Value∗ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 60 | N = 60 | |||
| Female | 30 (50%) | 36 (60%) | 66 (55%) | 0.28 |
| Region (Kilimanjaro) | 35 (58.3%) | 39 (65.0%) | 74 (61.6%) | 0.45 |
| Occupation (outdoor) | 35 (58.3%) | 30 (50.0%) | 65 (54.1%) | 0.34 |
| Age (yrs) | ||||
| Mean | 43.5 | 43.7 | 43.6 | 0.95 |
| Range | 23–80 | 21–75 | 21–80 | |
| Histologic diagnosis | ||||
| CIN I | 2 (3.3%) | – | – | |
| CIN II | 3 (5.0%) | – | – | |
| CIN III | 5 (8.3%) | – | – | |
| CIS | 5 (8.3%) | – | – | |
| SCC I | 12 (20.0%) | – | – | |
| SCC II | 4 (6.6%) | – | – | |
| SCC III | 3 (5.0%) | – | – | |
| Lymphoma | 1 (1.6%) | – | – | |
| Pterygium | 5 (8.3%) | – | – | |
| Pingueculum | 3 (5.0%) | – | – | |
| Papilloma | 3 (5.0%) | – | – | |
| Other benign lesions | 6 (10.0%) | – | – | |
| No histopathology | 8 (13.3%) | – | – | |
| Control diagnosis | ||||
| Normal examination | – | 26 (43.3%) | – | |
| Diabetic retinopathy | – | 10 (16.6%) | – | |
| Cataract | – | 9 (15.0%) | – | |
| Glaucoma | – | 3 (5.0%) | – | |
| Astigmatism | – | 6 (10.0%) | – | |
| Hyperopia | – | 1 (1.6%) | – | |
| Presbyopia | – | 3 (5.0%) | – | |
| Optic atrophy | – | 1 (1.6%) | – | |
| Myopia | – | 1 (1.6%) | – |
CIN = conjunctiva intra-epithelial neoplasia; CIS = carcinoma in situ; SCC = squamous cell carcinoma.
∗
P value from conditional logistic regression for sex, region, and occupation and from Wilcoxon rank-sum test for age.