Table 1.
Characteristics of AHEAD study participants with alcohol or other drug dependence at baseline and 12 months
| BASELINE | 12-MONTH FOLLOW-UP | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Overall n=563 |
Intervention n=282 |
Control n=281 |
Overall n=532 |
Intervention n=270 |
Control n=262 |
| Age (mean years (SD)) | 38 (10) | 39 (10) | 38 (11) | -- | -- | -- |
| Female sex (No. (%)) | 154 (27%) | 84 (30%) | 70 (25%) | -- | -- | -- |
| Race/ethnicity (No. (%))* | ||||||
| White | 264 (47%) | 132 (47%) | 132 (47%) | -- | -- | -- |
| Black | 179 (32%) | 93 (33%) | 86 (31%) | -- | -- | -- |
| Hispanic | 75 (13%) | 28 (10%) | 47 (17%) | -- | -- | -- |
| Other | 45 (8%) | 29 (10%) | 16 (5%) | -- | -- | -- |
| Education (No. (%)) | ||||||
| < High school | 133 (24%) | 73 (26%) | 60 (21%) | -- | -- | -- |
| High school | 277 (49%) | 137 (49%) | 140 (50%) | -- | -- | -- |
| Beyond high school | 153 (27%) | 72 (25%) | 81 (29%) | -- | -- | -- |
| Homeless (1+ night in the past 3 months) (No. (%)) | 332 (59%) | 159 (56%) | 173 (62%) | 156 (29%) | 75 (28%) | 81 (31%) |
| Health insurance (No. (%)) | 446 (79%) | 221 (79%) | 225 (80%) | 472 (89%) | 237 (88%) | 235 (90%) |
| Ever incarcerated (No. (%)) | 439 (78%) | 224 (80%) | 215 (77%) | -- | -- | -- |
| Incarcerated in the past 3 months (No. (%)) | 95 (17%) | 55 (19%) | 40 (14%) | 114 (21%) | 59 (22%) | 55 (21%) |
| Depressive symptoms score (PHQ-9) ≥10* (No. (%)) | 465 (83%) | 224 (79%) | 241 (87%) | 222 (42%) | 107 (40%) | 115 (44%) |
| Mental health related quality of life score (mean (SD)) | 30 (10) | 31 (10) | 30 (10) | 39 (10) | 39 (9) | 39 (10) |
| Physical health related quality of life score (mean (SD)) | 42 (8) | 41 (9) | 42 (8) | 43 (8) | 43 (8) | 42 (8) |
| Any medical comorbidity (No. (%)) | 184 (33%) | 103 (37%) | 81 (29%) | -- | -- | -- |
| Dependence (No. (%)) | ||||||
| Alcohol | 68 (12%) | 29 (10%) | 39 (14%) | -- | -- | -- |
| Drug | 129 (23%) | 71 (25%) | 58 (21%) | -- | -- | -- |
| Both | 366 (65%) | 182 (65%) | 184 (65%) | -- | -- | -- |
| Any heroin use, past 30 days (No. (%)) | 335 (60%) | 168 (60%) | 167 (59%) | 118 (22%) | 64 (24%) | 54 (21%) |
| Any cocaine use, past 30 days (No. (%)) | 379 (67%) | 189 (67%) | 190 (68%) | 142 (27%) | 72 (27%) | 70 (27%) |
| Heavy drinking days, past 30 days (median (25th, 75th percentiles)) | 11 (1, 26) | 10 (1, 26) | 13 (1, 26) | 0 (0, 3) | 0 (0, 3) | 0 (0, 3) |
| Readiness to change alcohol use (1–10) (median (25th, 75th)) | 9 (6, 10) | 9 (6, 10) | 9 (6.5, 10) | 4 (0, 9) | 2 (0, 9) | 5 (0, 9) |
| Readiness to change drug use (1–10) (median (25th, 75th)) | 10 (8, 10) | 10 (8, 10) | 10 (8, 10) | 7 (0, 10) | 7 (0, 10) | 7 (0, 10) |
| Alcohol severity index (median (25th, 75th) | 0.5 (0.1, 0.8) | 0.5 (0.1, 0.8) | 0.5 (0.1, 0.8) | 0.2 (0, 0.3) | 0.2 (0, 0.3) | 0.2 (0, 0.4) |
| Drug severity index (median (25th, 75th) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.4) | 0.1 (0, 0.2) | 0.1 (0, 0.2) | 0.1 (0, 0.2) |
| Alcohol related problem score, past 3 months (median (25th, 75th)) | 21 (2, 34) | 20 (1.5, 33) | 22 (3, 35) | 0 (0, 15) | 0 (0, 11.5) | 1 (0, 19) |
| Drug related problem score, past 3 months (median (25th, 75th)) | 33 (21, 40) | 32 (18, 39) | 33 (22, 40) | 5 (0, 26) | 5 (0, 24) | 5 (0, 28) |
| Ever overdosed requiring medical attention (No. (%)) | 169 (30%) | 84 (30%) | 85 (30%) | -- | -- | -- |
| Overdose requiring medical attention, past 3 months (No. (%)) | 42 (7%) | 21 (7%) | 21 (7%) | 13 (2%) | 6 (2%) | 7 (3%) |
| Sex and drug risk behavior score (median (25th, 75th)) | 7 (5, 12) | 7 (5, 11) | 7 (5, 12) | 5 (2, 6) | 5 (2, 6) | 5 (2, 7) |
| Any episode of vaginal or anal sex without a condom, past 3 months (No. (%)) | 309 (59%) | 156 (60%) | 153 (59%) | 233 (49%) | 119 (49%) | 114 (49%) |
| Any sex in exchange for drugs or money, past 3 months (No. (%)) | 191 (34%) | 102 (37%) | 89 (32%) | 92 (18%) | 46 (17%) | 46 (18%) |
| Any injection drug use, past 3 months (No. (%)) | 256 (46%) | 126 (45%) | 130 (47%) | 126 (24%) | 66 (25%) | 60 (23%) |
p < 0.05
AHEAD=Addiction Health Evaluation And Disease management
SD=standard deviation
PHQ-9=9-item Patient Health Questionnaire. A score of 10 or greater is consistent with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder.
Mental health related quality of life score is the score of the 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) Mental Component Summary (MCS) scale
Physical health related quality of life score is the score of the 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) Physical Component Summary (PCS) scale
Medical comorbidity determined by the Katz Comorbidity Index (score range 0–8 in this sample; “any”=score >0)
Substance dependence determined using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) Short Form
Drug use was determined using the Addiction Severity Index, alcohol use by the Timeline Follow-back method
Readiness to change assessed by 1–10 visual analogue scale; a higher score represents greater readiness to change
Alcohol and drug related problems assessed by the Short Inventory of Problems (SIP) and SIP-Drug (SIP-D); scores range from 0–45, with higher scores representing more and more frequent problems related to substance use
Sex and drug risk behavior score calculated from the HIV Risk Assessment Battery (RAB); scores range from 1 to 33, with higher scores representing more HIV sex and drug risk behaviors