Table 4.
Odds ratios for abstinence and favorable addiction status (1-category improvement in addiction severity index) in relation to number of visits to AHEAD chronic care management for substance dependence clinic (among the full sample, n=553)
| Outcome | No. (%) at 12 months | Odds ratio† (95% confidence interval) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Abstinence from stimulants, opioids, and heavy drinking (No. (%)) | |||
| 0 visits (reference group) | 109 (42%) | 1.00 | 0.07 |
| 1–2 visits | 39 (41%) | 0.64 (0.43, 0.96) § | |
| ≥3 visits | 81 (46%) | 0.99 (0.73, 1.34) § | |
|
| |||
| Abstinence from stimulants, opioids, and any drinking (No. (%)) | |||
| 0 visits (reference group) | 95 (36%) | 1.00 | 0.03 |
| 1–2 visits | 33 (35%) | 0.62 (0.40, 0.95) §§ | |
| ≥3 visits | 76 (43%) | 1.08 (0.79, 1.46) §§ | |
|
| |||
| Alcohol Addiction Severity Index score > 0.4* (No. (%)) | |||
| 0 visits (reference group) | 58 (22%) | 1.00 | 0.23 |
| 1–2 visits | 23 (24%) | 0.76 (0.52, 1.09) ¥ | |
| ≥3 visits | 30 (17%) | 1.07 (0.81, 1.42) ¥ | |
|
| |||
| Drug Addiction Severity Index score >0.2** (No. (%)) | |||
| 0 visits (reference group) | 54 (21%) | 1.00 | 0.33 |
| 1–2 visits | 22 (23%) | 0.76 (0.53, 1.10) ¥ | |
| ≥3 visits | 36 (20%) | 0.90 (0.70, 1.17) ¥ | |
AHEAD=Addiction Health Evaluation And Disease management
Outcomes over the past 30 days were assessed at 3, 6 and 12 month follow-up
The number of participants with 0 visits at 12 months was 262, 1–2 visits 94, 3+visits 176
ASI=Addiction Severity Index
Corresponds to the main effect of the intervention in models that do not include interaction terms
OR (odds ratio) (95% confidence interval, CI) from Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) logistic regression model adjusting for time point, age, sex, race, homelessness, alcohol and drug related problems, physical health related quality of life and the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (depressive symptoms). For ≥ 3 visits versus 1–2 visits, the OR was 1.54 (95% CI 1.00, 2.38).
OR (odds ratio) (95% confidence interval, CI) from Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) logistic regression model adjusting for time point, age, sex, race, homelessness, alcohol and drug related problems, physical health related quality of life and the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (depressive symptoms). For ≥ 3 visits versus 1–2 visits, the OR was 1.74 (95% CI 1.12, 2.71).
OR (95% CI) from GEE proportional odds regression model adjusting for the same covariates predicting a lower addiction severity score category
Alcohol ASI score >0.4 represents the top two of five ordered categories used for analysis. Odds ratio is for a 1-category improvement (i.e. lower ASI alcohol score) in alcohol addiction severity
Drug ASI score >0.2 represents the top two of five ordered categories used for analysis. Odds ratio is for a 1-category improvement (i.e. lower ASI drug score) in drug addiction severity