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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Heart Fail. 2013 Jul;6(4):862–868. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.000394

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Nitroso-redox imbalance due to increased xanthine oxidase (XO) activity in HF. Purines are metabolized to hypoxanthine and xanthine by the action of xanthine oxidase leading to the production of uric acid. In the process, reactive oxygen species including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (O2-) are produced. Increased ROS can lead to peroxynitrite formation and the oxidation of proteins blocking important post-translation nitrosylation modifications. Allopurinol is a potent inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. NO, nitric oxide. From Karantalis et al.,4 with permission.