Therapy may be directed against signals generated by growth factor receptors (IL3-R, FLT3) by direct kinase inhibition, by inhibition of downstream signaling (MEK), (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) or by interference with the HSP90 chaperone protein. Additional targets on the horizon include migration/stromal interactions (SDF-1/CXCR4), anti-apoptotic molecules (BCL2), or aberrant DNA methylation and histone methylation. The leukemia cell surface may be targeted by anti-CD33 antibodies, other monoclonal antibodies or tumor vaccines.