Table 1.
Staff members’ assessment of communication within and between groups, safety attitudes and empowerment in the intervention and comparison group at baseline and follow-up as change over time between groups
| Intervention group–within group | Comparison group–within group | Change over time between groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measurement factors | Cronbach's α | Mean value (SD)* | p Value* | Mean value (SD)* | p Value* | p Value† |
| ICU Nurse–Physician Questionnaire | ||||||
| Within-group communication openness | ||||||
| Baseline | 0.80 | 4.3 (0.6) | 4.4 (0.6) | |||
| Follow-up | 0.78 | 4.3 (0.5) | 0.998 | 4.4 (0.5) | 0.529 | 0.390 |
| Between-group communication openness | ||||||
| Baseline | ||||||
| Physician↔RN; LPN↔Physician; RN↔LPN |
0.82 0.88 0.84 |
4.3 (0.5) | 4.2 (0.6) | |||
| Follow-up | ||||||
| Physician↔RN; LPN↔Physician; RN↔LPN |
0.85 0.84 0.82 |
4.3 (0.5) | 0.686 | 4.3 (0.6) | 0.039 | 0.263 |
| Within-group communication accuracy | ||||||
| Baseline | 0.73 | 3.3 (0.8) | 3.7 (0.8) | |||
| Follow-up | 0.75 | 3.4 (0.8) | 0.076 | 3.7 (0.9) | 0.966 | 0.371 |
| Between-group communication accuracy | ||||||
| Baseline | ||||||
| Physician↔RN; LPN↔Physician; RN↔LPN |
0.69 0.68 0.77 |
3.3 (0.8) | 3.5 (0.8) | |||
| Follow-up | ||||||
| Physician↔RN; LPN↔Physician; RN↔LPN |
0.77 0.69 0.76 |
3.5 (0.8) | 0.001 | 3.6 (0.8) | 0.185 | 0.172 |
| Communication timeliness | ||||||
| Baseline | 0.74 | 4.2 (0.7) | 4.2 (0.7) | |||
| Follow-up | 0.68 | 4.3 (0.6) | 0.612 | 4.3 (0.7) | 0.650 | 0.958 |
| Safety Attitudes Questionnaire | ||||||
| Teamwork climate | ||||||
| Baseline | 0.73 | 72.2 (15.1) | 76.9 (15.1) | |||
| Follow-up | 0.74 | 73.8 (14.4) | 0.350 | 76.7 (15.8) | 0.914 | 0.584 |
| Safety climate | ||||||
| Baseline | 0.76 | 63.1 (15.8) | 70.3 (14.3) | |||
| Follow-up | 0.78 | 66.4 (16.2) | 0.011 | 70.2 (16.0) | 0.949 | 0.087 |
| Job satisfaction | ||||||
| Baseline | 0.85 | 75.3 (15.5) | 81.5 (16.4) | |||
| Follow-up | 0.86 | 74.2 (15.4) | 0.604 | 81.7 (15.0) | 0.865 | 0.771 |
| Stress recognition | ||||||
| Baseline | 0.85 | 68.0 (21.9) | 65.8 (25.2) | |||
| Follow-up | 0.82 | 67.8 (20.8) | 0.483 | 63.5 (24.9) | 0.382 | 0.388 |
| Perception of management unit | ||||||
| Baseline | 0.76 | 60.2 (17.9) | 59.2 (16.7) | |||
| Follow-up | 0.80 | 60.2 (18.6) | 0.667 | 68.6 (16.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Working condition | ||||||
| Baseline | 0.71 | 63.9 (19.2) | 73.3 (15.6) | |||
| Follow-up | 0.71 | 63.5 (18.8) | 0.956 | 77.8 (16.2) | 0.029 | 0.131 |
| Spreitzer's Empowerment scale | ||||||
| Meaning | ||||||
| Baseline | 0.86 | 6.2 (0.8) | 6.3 (0.9) | |||
| Follow-up | 0.86 | 6.3 (0.7) | 0.270 | 6.3 (0.8) | 0.935 | 0.602 |
| Competence | ||||||
| Baseline | 0.86 | 6.4 (0.7) | 6.5 (0.6) | |||
| Follow-up | 0.80 | 6.4 (0.6) | 0.985 | 6.5 (0.7) | 0.877 | 0.818 |
| Self-determination | ||||||
| Baseline | 0.86 | 4.3 (1.2) | 4.4 (1.5) | |||
| Follow-up | 0.86 | 4.3 (1.3) | 0.992 | 4.6 (1.3) | 0.342 | 0.465 |
| Impact | ||||||
| Baseline | 0.88 | 4.2 (1.3) | 4.5 (1.4) | |||
| Follow-up | 0.87 | 4.2 (1.4) | 0.639 | 4.5 (1.3) | 0.867 | 0.857 |
| Empowerment total factors | ||||||
| Baseline | 0.85 | 5.3 (0.7) | 5.4 (0.8) | |||
| Follow-up | 0.86 | 5.3 (0.8) | 0.474 | 5.5 (0.7) | 0.444 | 0.916 |
Mean and SD n=169.
*Wilcoxon signed rank test
†Mann-Whitney U test. The significant level is 0.05 and statistical significant results are marked with boldface text.
LPN, licenced practical nurse; RN, registered nurse.