Table 1.
Therapeutic drugs | Effect on MDSC | Overall Results | Tissue/type of cancer | Method | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor (Sildenafil) |
Inhibit MDSC suppression |
Restore T cell proliferation | PBMCs; MM and NSCLC |
Sildenafil added in vitro to PBMC cultures |
[65] |
Triterpenoid (CDDO- Me) + Gemcitabine |
Inhibit MDSC suppression |
|
PBMCs; Stage II-IV pancreatic cancer |
Phase I trial T cell activation assessed ex vivo |
[67] |
Inhibitor of exosome formation (Amiloride) |
Inhibit MDSC suppression |
Decrease pStat3 in MDSC | PBMCs; colorectal metastatic carcinoma |
Phase I trial
|
[52] |
COX-2 and PGE-2 inhibitors (Celecoxib) |
Inhibit MDSC induction, expansion and suppression |
Restore CD3 proliferation | PBMCs; melanoma | COX-2 and PGE-2 inhibitors added in vitro to CD14+ and T cell cocultures |
[84] |
Dexorubicin- cyclophosphamide |
Killing tumor cells and Treg modulation |
|
PBMCs; StageI/II, stage III and stage IV breast cancer |
Percentages of MDSC and suppressive assays assessed ex vivo after each cycle of chemotherapy |
[101] |
Vemurafenib (BRAF V600E inhibitor) |
Inhibit MAP kinase pathway in tumor cells |
|
PBMCs; Advanced melanoma |
Percentages of MDSC and suppressive assays assessed ex vivo in patients treated with Vemurafenib |
[102] |
Vitamin D3 (1α,25- hydroxyvitamin D3) |
Differentiation of suppressive CD34+ myeloid progenitors to DC |
|
Tumor tissue; NSCLC |
Immunohistochemical analysis of the tumor of patients treated 3 weeks prior surgery |
[110–115] |
doxorubicin- cyclophosphamide + docetaxel every 3 weeks followed by NOV-002, a disodium glutathione disulfide |
Targeting of tumor cells and immune cells (T cells, MDSC) |
|
PBMCs; HER-2 neu negative breast cancer in stages II- IIIa |
Percentages of MDSC in PBMCs assessed after reatment |
[116,117] |
ATRA (Vesanoid)+IL2 | Prior to IL-2 treatment ATRA Induces MDSC differentiation to functional APC and decreases MDSC suppressive activity |
|
PBMCs; metastatic renal cell carcinoma, SCLC |
Clinical trial Among 18 patients, there were 1 complete response, no partial responses, 11 stable diseases and 3 progression. 3 patients had IL-2 treatment discontinued. |
[127,128] |
Sunitinib (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) |
Inhibition of MDSC expansion |
|
PBMCs; RCC |
|
[95,96,98,99] |