Relationship between mutations and drug sensitivity in the α4 helix. Protein sequences around the putative α4 helices of human, S.cerevisiae and E.coli type II topoisomerases (HsTop2α, ScTop2 and EcGyrA, respectively) are aligned (3). Amino acid numbers are also indicated. The α helices are shaded in boxes. Residues that confer drug sensitivity are in italics: (a) S740W, hypersensitive to etoposide and resistant to CP-115,953 (14); (b) T744P, hypersensitive to CP-115,953 (18); (c) G747E, resistant to doxorubicin (17); (d–h) G81C, G81D (9,10,34), D82A (10,34), S83W, S83L, S83A, A84P (9), D87Y, D87N, D87V, D87T, D87G and D87H (9,34); resistant to quinolones.