VBM demonstrated significant areas of diffuse gray matter atrophy in TLE-HS patients with infrequent and frequent seizures but only in TLE-NL with frequent seizures. A: areas of gray matter atrophy in TLE-HS with infrequent seizures (two-sample T-test, p<0.001, uncorrected, minimum threshold cluster of 30 voxels); B: areas of gray matter atrophy in TLE-HS with frequent seizures (two-sample T-test, p<0.001, uncorrected, minimum threshold cluster of 30 voxels); C: areas of gray matter atrophy in TLE-NL with frequent seizures (two-sample T-test, p<0.001, uncorrected, minimum threshold cluster of 30 voxels). TLE-HS: temporal lobe epilepsy with MRI signs of hippocampal sclerosis; TLE-NL: temporal lobe epilepsy with normal MRI; VBM: voxel based morphometry; T: t-value; L: left; R: right.