| Acute urinary retention |
A clinical condition that is characterized by sudden onset of pain and inability to urinate [16]. |
| Bladder stone |
A condition where there are small masses of minerals formed in the bladder, as a result of urinary stasis [17]. |
| Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia |
A progressive disorder, which appears to be a common problem among the majority of men aged 60 years and above [14]. Patients with BPH are normally presented with a variety of lower urinary tract symptoms, LUTS, which can be categorized as either obstructive or irritative symptoms [18]. Obstructive symptoms are associated with urinary hesitancy, weak urine stream, urine dribbles out of penis, incomplete bladder emptying as well as increased post-void residual volume. In contrast, patients with irritative symptoms often experience an increase in frequency, urgency and nocturia [19]. |
| Cardiovascular disease |
Disorders of the heart and blood vessels, involving coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, peripheral artery disease, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease and heart failure, or as stated in the medical records [20]. |
| Cerebrovascular accident |
A condition in which a clot interrupts the blood flow to the brain or blood vessels in the brain burst, or as stated in the medical records [21]. |
| Diabetes mellitus |
A chronic disease that can be caused by inadequate production of pancreatic insulin (Type I) or ineffective use of insulin (Type II) [22]. |
| Hematuria |
It includes macroscopic hematuria, which is the presence of blood in the urine that can be seen by naked eyes, and microscopic hematuria, where the presence of blood is only visible under microscope [23]. |
| Hepatic impairment |
Refers to alcoholic or non-alcoholic liver cirrhosis, drug-induced hepatotoxicity, chronic hepatitis, liver cancer, increase of the serum liver enzymes for more than three times of the normal upper limits, or as stated in the medical records [24]. |
| Hypertension |
A condition in which the pressure of the blood vessels is persistently high, where systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or as stated in the medical records [25]. |
| Polypharmacy |
The use of at least five medications [26]. |
| Renal impairment |
A condition that includes acute kidney injury, which refers to the sudden and rapid reduction of renal functions, over hours to days, as well as chronic kidney injury, which refers to the deterioration of kidney functions for more than three months, or as stated in the medical records [27]. |
| Urinary tract infection |
An infection that can affect either lower or upper urinary tract. Lower UTI involves the bladder while upper UTI involves the kidneys [28]. |
