Table 1.
Characteristics for each pressure gradient group (n = 2,264)
| Variable | Low gradient | Moderate gradient | High gradient | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (<10 mmHg) n = 876 | (10–19 mmHg) n = 1,184 | (≥20 mmHg) n = 204 | ||
| Age (years) | 70 ± 10 | 67 ± 11 | 65 ± 12 | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 328 (37.4) | 448 (37.8) | 56 (27.5) | 0.015 |
| Endocarditis | 27 (3.1) | 54 (4.6) | 14 (6.9) | 0.035 |
| Preoperative LV function | ||||
| Severely impaired (EF < 30 %) | 39 (4.5) | 27 (2.3) | 4 (2.0) | 0.012 |
| Hypertension | 406 (46.3) | 549 (46.4) | 78 (38.2) | 0.085 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 151 (17.2) | 203 (17.1) | 33 (16.2) | 0.934 |
| Body weight (kg) | 77 ± 13 | 79 ± 14 | 81 ± 16 | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 170 ± 9 | 170 ± 9 | 171 ± 9 | 0.172 |
| Body surface area, BSA (m2) | 1.88 ± 0.19 | 1.91 ± 0.19 | 1.92 ± 0.21 | 0.002 |
| Body mass index, BMI (kg/m2) | 26.8 ± 4.0 | 27.4 ± 4.2 | 27.5 ± 4.7 | 0.006 |
| Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) | 108 (12.3) | 111 (9.4) | 20 (9.8) | 0.091 |
| Renal dysfunction | 46 (5.3) | 65 (5.5) | 11 (5.4) | 0.972 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | 144 (16.4) | 194 (16.4) | 41 (20.1) | 0.404 |
| Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) | 36 (4.1) | 64 (5.4) | 12 (5.9) | 0.305 |
| Previous cardiac surgery | 64 (7.3) | 85 (7.2) | 31 (15.2) | <0.001 |
| Additive EuroSCORE | 6.2 ± 2.5 | 5.9 ± 2.5 | 5.8 ± 2.5 | 0.052 |
| Logistic EuroSCORE | 7.93 ± 8.33 | 7.06 ± 7.06 | 7.18 ± 7.69 | 0.075 |
| Prosthetic valve diameter, mm | ||||
| Median | 23 | 23 | 23 | |
| Prosthetic valve type | ||||
| Mechanical | 367 (41.9) | 580 (52.3) | 120 (58.8) | <0.001 |
| Concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting | 424 (48.4) | 464 (39.2) | 66 (32.4) | <0.001 |
| Cardiopulmonary bypass time (min) | 95 ± 37 | 91 ± 36 | 93 ± 32 | 0.024 |
| Aortic cross-clamp time (min) | 70 ± 26 | 68 ± 25 | 68 ± 22 | 0.147 |
| Effective orifice area (EOA) (cm2) | 2.16 ± 0.48 | 2.06 ± 0.42 | 1.94 ± 0.40 | <0.001 |
| Indexed effective orifice area (EOAI) (cm2/m2) | 1.15 ± 0.24 | 1.08 ± 0.21 | 1.01 ± 0.21 | <0.001 |
| PPM (EOAI ≤0.85 cm2/m2) | 43 (4.9) | 145 (12.2) | 51 (25.0) | <0.001 |
| Severe PPM (EOAI <0.65 cm2/m2) | 2 (0.2) | 2 (0.2) | 3 (1.5) | 0.007 |
| Mean transprosthetic gradient, TPG (mmHg) | 6 ± 3 | 13 ± 3 | 28 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| Mean follow-up (years) | 5.1 ± 3.5 | 5.7 ± 3.5 | 5.5 ± 3.5 | <0.001 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%)
EF ejection fraction, LV left ventricular, PPM prosthesis–patient mismatch