Table 2.
CC chemokines and their receptors during dengue virus infection
| Chemokines/Receptors | Experimental system | Pathological observations | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| CCL2 (MCP-1, JE), CCR2 | Human blood, Human PBMC, PBMC/HUVEC, mice (DENV-2 P23085) | Increased permeability and disrupted tight junctions of human vascular endothelium cells; hypotension; association with DF and DHF; liver damage and shock. | Lee et al.87, Bozza et al.37, Sierra et al.81, Guabiraba et al.69, Tolfvenstam et al.143 |
| CCL3 (MIP-1α) | Human PBMC, Human monocytes/macrophages, mice (DENV-2 P23085) | Replication-competent virus was required to induce MIP-1α; association with DF and DHF; strong influence on the early immune response after dengue re-infection; liver damage and shock. | Spain-Santana et al.82, Chen et al.144, Sierra et al.81, Guabiraba et al.69 |
| CCL4 (MIP-1β) | Human blood, Human PBMC, KU812 or HMC-1 human mast cell-basophil lines | Association with severity of secondary heterologous infection; role of mast cells in the initiation of chemokine-dependent host responses to dengue virus infection; levels were observed in patients with mild dengue. Also associated to CD56+ NK cell circulating rates. | King et al.145, Bashyam et al.146, Bozza et al.37 |
| CCL5 (RANTES), CCR5 | Human blood, Human endothelial cells, Hepatocytes/HepG2, KU812 or HMC-1 human mast cell-basophil lines, mice (DENV-2 P23085) | Association with complement activation, chemokine induction, apoptotic cell death and short-lived vascular leakage; liver damage and ADE, T-cell activation. | Avirutnan et al.147, Lin et al.84, King et al.145, Brown et al.148, Conceição et al.149, Guabiraba et al.68–69 |
| CCL17/22, CCR4 | Human PMBC, Human liver biopsies, mice (DENV-2 P23085) | Association with tissue injury and shock in experimental infection; influence on CD8+ T cells effector function and migration into the liver. | de-Oliveira-Pinto et al.150, Guabiraba et al.69 |
ADE, antibody-dependent enhancement; DENV, dengue virus; DF, dengue fever; DHF, dengue haemorrhagic fever; HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cells; MIP-1α, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α; NK, natural killer; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells.