Table 2.
Mother’s history of prevailing conditions and obstetric characteristics associated with maternal mortality in a tertiary hospital in Kenya from January 2004 to March 2011
|
History of prevailing medical conditions | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk factor | Cases n = 150 n (%) | Controls n = 300 n (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) a | P-value † |
|
Smoking |
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
2(1) |
7(2) |
0.6(0.1–2.7) |
|
|
| No |
148(99) |
286(98) |
1 |
|
|
|
Alcohol |
|
|
|
|
0.018 |
| Yes |
16(11) |
20(7) |
1.6(0.8–3.2) |
2.5(1.2–5.3) |
|
| No |
134(89) |
273(93) |
1 |
|
|
|
Contraceptives |
|
|
|
|
0.0007 |
| Yes |
17(11) |
74(25) |
0.4(0.2–0.7) |
0.3(0.1–0.6) |
|
| No |
133(89) |
220(75) |
1 |
|
|
|
Abortion |
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
11(7) |
20(7) |
1.1(0.5–2.4) |
|
|
| No |
139(93) |
279(93) |
1 |
|
|
|
Twins |
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
10(7) |
17(6) |
1.2(0.5–2.7) |
|
|
| No |
140(93) |
283(94) |
1 |
|
|
|
Gravida |
|
|
|
|
0.0049 |
| Primigravida |
34(23) |
104(35) |
1 |
|
|
| Multigravida |
73(49) |
153(51) |
1.5(0.9–2.4) |
1.5(0.9–2.5) |
|
| Grandmultigravida |
43(29) |
43(14) |
3.1(1.7–5.4) |
2.6(1.4–4.8) |
|
|
Underlying medical conditions* |
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
41(27) |
29(10) |
3.5(2.1–5.9) |
3.0(1.7–5.3) |
|
| No |
109(73) |
271(90) |
1 |
|
|
|
Obstetric and reproductive characteristics |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mode of delivery |
|
|
|
|
0.0006 |
| Normal |
64(43) |
230(77) |
1 |
|
|
| Assisted |
27(18) |
13(4) |
7.5(3.6–15.3) |
4.4(1.7–11.2) |
|
| Caesarean |
51(34) |
57(19) |
3.2(2.0–5.1) |
3.0(1.5–5.6) |
|
| Did not deliver |
8(5) |
0 |
omitted |
omitted |
|
|
Birth attendant |
|
|
|
|
<0.0001 |
| Nurse/midwife |
70(53) |
264(89) |
1 |
1 |
|
| Doctor |
61(47) |
31(11) |
7.4(4.5–12.3) |
4.1(2.2–7.6) |
|
|
Pregnancy stage |
|
|
|
|
<0.0001 |
| Intrapartum |
61(42) |
259(86) |
1 |
1 |
|
| Antepartum |
53(37) |
29(10) |
7.8(4.6–13.2) |
3.0(1.5–6.2) |
|
| Puerperium |
30(21) |
12(4) |
10.6(5.1–21.9) |
8.9(3.5–22.7) |
|
|
Labour stage |
|
|
|
|
|
| Latent |
42(42) |
68(24) |
1 |
|
|
| Active |
37(37) |
180(63) |
0.3(0.2–0.6) |
|
|
| Second stage |
20(20) |
34(12) |
1.0(0.5–1.9) |
|
|
|
Number of ANC visits |
|
|
|
|
<0.0001 |
| 1 to 3 |
71(50) |
199(67) |
1 |
1 |
|
| None |
59(42) |
14(5) |
11.8(6.2–22.5) |
5.7(2.6–12.4) |
|
| Above 4 |
11(8) |
83(28) |
0.4(0.2–0.7) |
0.6(0.3–1.2) |
|
|
Place of ANC attendance
††
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Health centre |
41(28) |
122(41) |
1 |
|
|
| Hospital |
26(18) |
60(20) |
1.3(0.7–2.3) |
|
|
| MTRH |
19(13) |
100(34) |
0.6(0.3–1.0) |
|
|
| None | 59(41) | 14(5) | 12.5(6.3–24.8) | ||
*These include: HIV, malaria, rheumatic heart disease, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes.
†P- value for Likelihood Ratio Test in the adjusted model.
aAdjusted for variables included in the final demographic model.
Reference category for logistic regression represented by 1.
††Did not include ANC place because of high correlation with number of ANC visits.
Numbers may not add to total sample due to missing values.