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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Oct 7.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Biol. 2013 Sep 12;23(19):1874–1883. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.056

Figure 3. Vision is required for schooling and shoaling behavior.

Figure 3

A. Proportion of time spent schooling of surface fish in the light (n=12) versus the dark (n=10). Asterisks indicate p-value in a Mann-Whitney test. B. Shoaling NND measured in groups of six of surface fish (5 groups) and cavefish (5 groups) in the light and the dark. Asterisks indicate p-value in a paired t-test. C. Eye size in control surface fish. D. Partial eye degradation in surface fish with lenses removed. E. Complete eye degradation in surface fish with lenses removed. F. Eye degradation in cavefish. G. Surface fish with zero (n=7), one (n=12) or two (n=8) lenses removed were assayed with the model school. Asterisks indicate p-value in a Games-Howell test. H. One group each of one- (5 trials), two-lenses (5 trials) removed, or control fish (2 trials) were assayed for shoaling by NND. Asterisks indicate p-value in a Games-Howell test. Error bars indicate standard deviation. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.