Table 3.
Abstinence vs. moderate use |
Heavy use vs. moderate use |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1a |
Model 1b |
|||||
Independent variables | Coefficient | p | OR | Coefficient | p | OR |
Intercept | 0.496 | .000 | 1.642 | −2.671 | .002 | 0.069 |
Time-constant predictors | ||||||
Baseline age | 0.349 | .000 | 1.417 | −0.031 | .733 | 0.970 |
Time-varying predictors | ||||||
Time since baseline | 0.307 | .000 | 1.360 | −0.144 | .115 | 0.866 |
Self-rated ill healtha | 0.173 | .000 | 1.189 | −0.021 | .737 | 0.979 |
Functional impairmentb | 0.201 | .000 | 1.222 | −0.140 | .078 | 0.870 |
Social isolationc | −0.079 | .013 | 0.924 | 0.241 | .000 | 1.272 |
Nonmarried | −0.060 | .081 | 0.942 | 0.130 | .027 | 1.139 |
Nonworking | 0.033 | .372 | 1.034 | 0.071 | .286 | 1.074 |
Nonsmoking | 0.262 | .000 | 1.300 | −0.369 | .000 | 0.691 |
Sedentarinessd | 0.116 | .001 | 1.123 | 0.107 | .073 | 1.113 |
Interaction | ||||||
Baseline age × Time | 0.049 | .124 | 1.050 | −0.004 | .963 | 0.996 |
Baseline age × Self-rated ill health |
−0.016 | .637 | 0.984 | −0.096 | .131 | 0.908 |
Baseline age × Functional impairment |
0.049 | .218 | 1.050 | 0.047 | .590 | 1.048 |
Baseline age × Social isolation | 0.110 | .001 | 1.116 | 0.117 | .035 | 1.124 |
Baseline age × Nonmarried | 0.090 | .008 | 1.094 | −0.034 | .539 | 0.996 |
Baseline age × Nonworking | −0.075 | .059 | 0.928 | −0.045 | .508 | 0.956 |
Baseline age × Nonsmoking | −0.005 | .899 | 0.995 | −0.041 | .394 | 0.959 |
Baseline age × Sedentariness | −0.036 | .298 | 0.965 | −0.000 | .995 | 1.000 |
Random effects | Variable | p | Variable | p | ||
Intercept | 2.314 | .000 | 1.430 | >.50 | ||
Time slope | 0.014 | >.50 | 0.044 | >.50 |
Note: OR = odds ratio. Models control for attrition and mortality status, gender, race, and education. In addition, all predictors were standardized as z scores before creating the interaction terms. The inferences drawn from these models use the robust standard errors produced by hierarchical linear modeling because they are somewhat tolerant of violations to the assumption of normally distributed response variables (Hox, 2002).
Range: 1 to 5, with higher scores equal to worse health.
Range: 1 to 4, with higher scores equal to more impairment.
Range: 1 to 6, with higher scores equal to more isolation.
Range: 1 to 4, with higher scores equal to less activity.