Table 3.

Adjusted coefficient and standard error of morphine milligram equivalents associated with PDMP implementation, by state: U.S., 1999–2008

^aTo calculate the state-level PDMP estimates, for a given state that implemented a PDMP, models compared state quarters that had an operational PDMP with state quarters that did not have a PDMP along with those without an operational PDMP throughout the study period (Alaska, Arkansas, Washington, D.C., Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Oregon, South Dakota, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin). Models were adjusted for calendar year, geographic region, percent of the population aged 35–54 years, percent of the population that was white, and for the natural log of the quarterly population. Then the models were estimated separately for each state.

PDMP = prescription drug monitoring program

SE = standard error