Figure 4. Effects of warming and/or acidification on shell surface area.

Shell surface area was determined in at least three subsamples consisting of a number of shell fragments (of 0.1–0.3 g total mass) per shell from M. edulis held for six months at either: ambient temperature and ambient pH (ambient); ambient temperature and reduced pH (acidified); elevated temperature and ambient pH (warming); or elevated temperature and reduced pH (warming+acidified). Values given as means ±SE (n = 3). Acidified treatments shown in dark grey. Significant differences indicated by different lowercase letters (p<0.05).