Table 7.
Correlations between the SHI subscale and total scores and background and outcome variables
| Sleep disturbing B/E | Irregular sleep-wake schedule | Total score | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age |
-.26 |
-.38* |
-.39* |
| Sexa |
-.23 |
-.14 |
-.24 |
| Education |
.05 |
-.05 |
.01 |
| Pain duration |
-.08 |
-.03 |
-.07 |
| Pain intensity |
-.03 |
.15 |
.06 |
| Depression |
.12 |
.51* |
.37* |
| Pain-related anxiety |
.15 |
.46* |
.35* |
| Sleep quality | .17 | .52* | .41* |
Note: *p < .006 adjusted p level of 0.006. amale coded 0, female coded 1. SHI: Sleep Hygiene Index; B/E: behavior and environment. For concurrent validity, it was hypothesized that the SHI subscale and total scores are significantly positively correlated with four outcome variables (i.e., pain intensity, depression, pain-related anxiety, sleep quality).