Table 1.
Patient characteristics and laboratory and clinical data of patients assessed with the CHS and SOF frailty index*
| |
CHS frailty index (N = 220 patients) |
SOF index (N = 204 patients) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonfrail and prefrail (n = 132) | Frail (n = 88) | P | Nonfrail (n = 32) | Prefrail (n = 106) | Frail (n = 66) | p | |
| Age (y), mean ± SD |
83.7 ± 4.8 |
83.3 ± 5.4 |
0.58 |
83.1 ± 5.2 |
83.8 ± 5.1 |
83.5 ± 5.1 |
0.77 |
| Female, n (%) |
81 (62) |
45 (51) |
0.1 |
15 (47) |
64 (60) |
38 (58) |
0.39 |
| Number of comorbidities, mean ± SD |
2.33 ± 1.5 |
3.4 ± 2 |
<0.001 |
2 ± 1.3a |
2.4 ± 1.4 |
3.1 ± 1.8 |
0.005 |
| Number of medications taken at home, mean ± SD |
7.5 ± 3.5 |
8.9 ± 3.5 |
0.005 |
7 ± 3.9b |
7.7 ± 3.1 |
8.9 ± 3.6 |
0.012 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl, mean ± SD |
12.3 (2.1) |
11.7 (2.1) |
0.07 |
12.7 ± 2.1 |
12.1 ± 2.0 |
11.8 ± 2.0 |
0.09 |
| Hemoglobin < 10, n (%) |
19 (15) |
18 (20) |
0.32 |
4 (13) |
16 (15) |
13 (20) |
0.36 |
| Hemoglobin ≥10 and <12 (F) or < 13 (M), n(%) |
39 (30) |
30 (34) |
|
6 (19) |
35 (33) |
21 (32) |
|
| Hemoglobin ≥12 (F) or ≥ 13 (M), n (%) |
73 (55) |
41 (46) |
|
22 (68) |
55 (53) |
32 (48) |
|
| C-reactive protein (mg/L), mean ± SD |
43.6 ± 74 |
45 ± 63 |
0.12 |
51 ± 84 |
45.5 ± 77 |
42 ± 61 |
0.68 |
| eGFR (ml/min), mean ± SD |
54.6 ± 22 |
49.9 ± 24.6 |
0.16 |
59.2 ± 18 |
54.4 ± 23 |
49.2 ± 24 |
0.12 |
| Education |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Low (<15 y), n (%) |
52 (39.4) |
36 (40.1) |
0.78 |
14 (43.8) |
43 (40.5) |
26 (39.4) |
0.9 |
| Moderate (12–18 y), n (%) |
66 (50) |
41 (46.5) |
|
15 (46.9) |
52 (49) |
32 (48.5) |
|
| High (≥18 y), n (%) |
14 (10.6) |
11 (12.5) |
|
3 (9.3) |
11 (10.4) |
8 (12.1) |
|
| MMSE short form, mean ± SD (range 0–12) |
8.5 ± 3.0 |
8.1 ± 3.1 |
0.2 |
9.2 ± 2.9 |
8.2 ± 3.1 |
8.8 ± 2.5 |
0.12 |
| ADL, mean ± SD |
2.6 ± 3.0 |
4.5 ± 3.0 |
<0.001 |
1.1 ± 1.7c |
3.3 ± 3.1 |
4.1 ± 3.1 |
<0.001 |
| GDS, mean ± SD |
2.7 ± 2.2 |
4.4 ± 2.6 |
<0.001 |
2.5 ± 2.1 |
3.0 ± 2.4 |
4.2 ± 2.6d |
0.001 |
| Patients with delirium during hospitalization, n (%) |
14 (10.6) |
10 (11.4) |
0.86 |
2 (6.3) |
12 (11.3) |
6 (9.1) |
0.68 |
| Patients with ≥ 1 fall during hospitalization, n (%) |
10 (7.6) |
8 (9.1) |
0.7 |
0 (0) |
12 (11.3) |
5 (7.6) |
0.12 |
| Length of stay, days, mean ± SD |
15 ± 11.6 |
17.4 ± 13.1 |
0.17 |
12.2 ± 8.7 |
15.5 ± 11.6 |
17.9 ± 13.2 |
0.08 |
| Mortality during hospitalization, n (%) |
1 (0.8) |
9 (10.2) |
0.001 |
0 (0) |
3 (2.8) |
7 (10.6) |
0.02 |
| Morality 6 months after hospitalizatione, n (%) | 7/127 (5.5) | 23/77 (30) | <0.001 | 0/31 (0) | 12/99 (12) | 13/59 (22) | 0.01 |
Abbreviations: SD standard deviation, M male, F female, CHS Cardiovascular Health Study, SOF Study of Osteoporotic Fracture, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, ADL activities of daily living, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, GDS Geriatric Depression Scale.
*A total of 220 patients were included. Of the 220 patients who had complete CHS data, 204 had complete SOF data.
aNonfrail patients significantly different from frail patients (p = 0.006 after Bonferroni correction).
bNonfrail patients significantly different from frail patients (p = 0.03 after Bonferroni correction).
cNonfrail patients significantly different from prefrail (p = 0.001 after Bonferroni correction) and frail patients (p < 0.001 after Bonferroni correction).
dFrail patients significantly different from prefrail (p = 0.01 after Bonferroni correction) and nonfrail(p = 0.005 after Bonferroni correction) patients.
eData for 6-month mortality were available for 204 patients assessed with the CHS index and 189 patients assessed with the SOF index.