Table 5.

Association of self-change factors with unsuppressed viral load among refugees and local host community on HAART for ≥25 weeks in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (N = 222)

Factor	Prevalence ≥40 copies/mL, n/N (%)	p value, crude odds ratio (95 % CI)	p value, adjusted odds ratio (95 % CI)a
Adherence self-efficacy (self-rated ability to take medications as prescribed over previous month)b		p = 0.37	p = 0.95
Excellent	16/99 (16)	1	1
Good/very good	14/105 (13)	1.30 (0.74, 2.26)	1.02 (0.56, 1.86)
Very poor/poor/fair	6/18 (33)
Serostatus disclosure to partner		p = 0.67	p = 0.77
No	4/22 (18)	1	1
Yes	17/120 (14)	0.74 (0.22, 2.46)	1.11 (0.29, 4.23)
No partner	15/80 (19)	1.04 (0.31, 3.52)	1.45 (0.38, 5.53)
Serostatus disclosure to family/friends		p = 0.23	p = 0.49
No	10/81 (12)	1	1
Yes	26/141 (18)	1.61 (0.73, 3.53)	1.37 (0.56, 3.34)
Alcohol use, past month		p = 0.29	p = 0.69
Never	24/164 (15)	1	1
One or more times	12/58 (21)	1.52 (0.71, 3.28)	0.83 (0.33, 2.06)
Use of illegal/harmful substances, past six months		p = 0.23	p = 0.83
No	32/208 (15)	1	1
Yes	4/14 (29)	2.20 (0.65, 7.45)	1.18 (0.27, 5.31)
Use of traditional medicines, past six months		p = 0.46	p = 0.75
No	29/188 (15)	1	1
Yes	7/34 (21)	1.48 (0.57, 3.57)	1.31 (0.47, 3.70)
No. of reported barriers to adherenceb		p = 0.46	p = 0.89
0	13/82 (16)	1	1
1+	8/67 (12)	1.13 (0.82, 1.56)	1.03 (0.71, 1.49)
3+	8/36 (22)
5+	7/37 (19)
Knowledge of HIV and AIDS (% correct of four questions)		p = 0.15	p = 0.23
0+	1/18 (6)	1	1
50+	35/204 (17)	3.52 (0.45, 27.33)	3.21 (0.37, 28.05)

Note: 32 clients with incomplete data were excluded (five missing viral loads; 13 missing pharmacy claim records). Clients with missing data were not significantly different (p > 0.05) from those retained for analyses on age, sex, refugee status, and time on HAART

^aAdjusted for age group, sex, refugee status, travel in past year, time to clinic, time on HAART, time from HIV diagnosis to HAART start, and previous regimen switch

^bFactor modelled as a linear effect (common odds ratios presented)