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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Res. 2013 Jul 25;126:91–97. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2013.07.003

Table 3.

Characteristics of study participants, Group Health, 1996–2001.

Characteristic Cases (n=92) n (%) Controls (n=195) n (%)
Age (years)
 17–24 6 (6.5) 13 (6.7)
 25–34 22 (23.9) 30 (15.4)
 35–44 41 (44.6) 95 (48.7)
 45–49 23 (25.0) 57 (29.2)
Race
 White 81 (88.0) 168 (86.2)
 Black 2 (2.2) 11 (5.6)
 Asian/Pacific Islander 7 (7.6) 12 (6.2)
 American Indian 1 (1.1) 1 (0.5)
 More than one race 1 (1.1) 3 (1.5)
Ethnicitya
 Hispanic 6 (6.5) 4 (2.1)
 Non-Hispanic 86 (93.5) 190 (97.9)
Incomea (US$)
 <35,000 26 (28.6) 50 (26.5)
 35,000–69,999 42 (46.2) 82 (43.4)
 ≥70,000 23 (25.3) 57 (30.2)
Education
 <HS 3 (3.3) 5 (2.6)
 HS graduate 17 (18.5) 38 (19.5)
 Some college 28 (30.4) 80 (41.0)
 College graduate 24 (26.1) 45 (23.1)
 Post graduate 20 (21.7) 27 (13.9)
Cigarette smoking
 Never 55 (59.8) 105 (53.9)
 Former 17 (18.5) 51 (26.2)
 Current 20 (21.7) 39 (20.0)
Alcohol use
 Never 29 (31.5) 60 (30.8)
 Former 11 (12.0) 45 (23.1)
 Current 52 (56.5) 90 (46.2)
BMI (kg/m2)a
 <18.5 1 (1.1) 6 (3.1)
 18.5–<25.0 48 (52.2) 101 (52.6)
 25.0–<30.0 18 (19.6) 42 (21.9)
 ≥30.0 25 (27.2) 43 (22.4)
Parity
 Nulliparous 45 (48.9) 63 (32.3)
 Parous 47 (51.1) 132 (67.7)
Urinary creatinine (mg/dL)
median (IQR) 54.5 (27–106) 62.0 (26–111)

Abbreviations: HS=high school; BMI=body mass index; IQR=interquartile range.

a

Numbers do not add to column total due to missing data.

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