Table 1.

Reported and suggested adverse effects of khat in human9

System	Adverse effects
Cardiovascular system	tachycardia, palpitations, hypertension, arrhythmias, vasoconstriction, myocardial infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, pulmonary edema
Respiratory system	tachypnea, bronchitis
Gastro-intestinal system	dry mouth, polydipsia, dental caries, periodontal disease, chronic gastritis, constipation, hemorrhoids, paralytic ileus, weight loss, duodenal ulcer, upper gastro-intestinal malignancy
Hepatobiliary system	fibrosis, cirrhosis
Genito-urinary system	urinary retention, spermatorrhea, spermatozoa malformations, impotence, libido change
Obstetric effects	low birth weight, stillbirths, impaired lactation
Metabolic and endocrine effects	hyperthermia, perspiration, hyperglycemia
Ocular effects	blurred vision, mydriasis
Central nervous system	dizziness, impaired cognitive functioning, fine tremor, insomnia, headaches
Psychiatric effects	lethargy, irritability, anorexia, psychotic reactions, depressive reactions, hypnagogic hallucinations