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. 2013 Winter-Spring;5(1-2):57–65.

Table 2.

The mean scores of pigmentation and periodontal parameters based on smoking status, duration, frequency, and lifetime exposure

Lip pigmentation Gingival pigmentation Bleeding Probing depth Loss of attachment
Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD
Smoking status
Non-smoker 0.10 ± 0.17 0.62 ± 0.42 0.07 ± 0.08* 2.06 ± 0.16* 0.02 ± 0.04
Ex-smoker 0.44 ± 0.20* 1.66 ± 0.77* 0.30 ± 0.14* 1.84 ± 0.47* 0.47 ± 0.51*
Occasional smoker 0.48 ± 0.30* 2.05 ± 0.91* 0.33 ± 0.18* 1.67 ± 0.56* 0.50 ± 0.30*
Current smoker 0.77 ± 0.26* 2.34 ± 0.76* 0.45 ± 0.23 1.11 ± 0.32 0.55 ± 0.42*
Cigarettes per day
1-5 0.45 ± 0.40 1.50 ± 0.57 0.09 ± 0.03* 2.08 ± 0.73* 0.45 ± 0.35*
6-10 0.62 ± 0.28* 2.00 ± 0.82* 0.34 ± 0.16* 1.69 ± 0.46* 0.60 ± 0.37*
> 10 1.00 ± 0.10* 3.00 ± 0.00* 0.50 ± 0.17* 1.77 ± 0.49* 0.72 ± 0.29*
Statistical parameters r = 0.746 r = 0.746 r = 0.699 r = -0.497 r = 0.573
P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001 P < 0.001
Duration of smoking (years)
1-5 0.56 ± 0.30* 1.92 ± 0.83* 0.21 ± 0.03 1.77 ± 0.54* 0.44 ± 0.12*
6-10 0.72 ± 0.20* 2.4 ± 0.56* 0.23 ± 0.14 1.85 ± 0.09* 0.52 ± 0.37*
> 10 0.92 ± 0.09* 2.4 ± 0.85* 0.40 ± 0.21* 1.49 ± 0.23* 0.53 ± 0.25*
Statistical parameters r = 0.674 r = 0.689 r = 0.776 r = -0.601 r = 0.678
P = 0.010 P = 0.010 P = 0.001 P = 0.001 P = 0.001
Unit years
1-199 0.63 ±0.29* 1.86 ± 0.90* 0.40 ± 0.24* 1.93 ± 0.50* 0.34 ± 0.30*
200-399 0.50 ± 0.29* 2.13 ± 0.87* 0.41 ± 0.14* 1.48 ± 0.54* 0.47 ± 0.18*
> 399 0.81 ± 0.27* 2.22 ± 0.64* 0.19 ± 0.21* 1.59 ± 0.35* 0.61 ± 0.40*
Statistical parameters r = 0.718 r = 0.682 r = 0.494 r = -0.417 r = 0.409
P = 0.002 P = 0.001 P = 0.001 P = 0.001 P = 0.001
*

Significantly higher than that of non-smokers