Table 2.
Lip pigmentation | Gingival pigmentation | Bleeding | Probing depth | Loss of attachment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |
Smoking status | |||||
Non-smoker | 0.10 ± 0.17 | 0.62 ± 0.42 | 0.07 ± 0.08* | 2.06 ± 0.16* | 0.02 ± 0.04 |
Ex-smoker | 0.44 ± 0.20* | 1.66 ± 0.77* | 0.30 ± 0.14* | 1.84 ± 0.47* | 0.47 ± 0.51* |
Occasional smoker | 0.48 ± 0.30* | 2.05 ± 0.91* | 0.33 ± 0.18* | 1.67 ± 0.56* | 0.50 ± 0.30* |
Current smoker | 0.77 ± 0.26* | 2.34 ± 0.76* | 0.45 ± 0.23 | 1.11 ± 0.32 | 0.55 ± 0.42* |
Cigarettes per day | |||||
1-5 | 0.45 ± 0.40 | 1.50 ± 0.57 | 0.09 ± 0.03* | 2.08 ± 0.73* | 0.45 ± 0.35* |
6-10 | 0.62 ± 0.28* | 2.00 ± 0.82* | 0.34 ± 0.16* | 1.69 ± 0.46* | 0.60 ± 0.37* |
> 10 | 1.00 ± 0.10* | 3.00 ± 0.00* | 0.50 ± 0.17* | 1.77 ± 0.49* | 0.72 ± 0.29* |
Statistical parameters | r = 0.746 | r = 0.746 | r = 0.699 | r = -0.497 | r = 0.573 |
P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |
Duration of smoking (years) | |||||
1-5 | 0.56 ± 0.30* | 1.92 ± 0.83* | 0.21 ± 0.03 | 1.77 ± 0.54* | 0.44 ± 0.12* |
6-10 | 0.72 ± 0.20* | 2.4 ± 0.56* | 0.23 ± 0.14 | 1.85 ± 0.09* | 0.52 ± 0.37* |
> 10 | 0.92 ± 0.09* | 2.4 ± 0.85* | 0.40 ± 0.21* | 1.49 ± 0.23* | 0.53 ± 0.25* |
Statistical parameters | r = 0.674 | r = 0.689 | r = 0.776 | r = -0.601 | r = 0.678 |
P = 0.010 | P = 0.010 | P = 0.001 | P = 0.001 | P = 0.001 | |
Unit years | |||||
1-199 | 0.63 ±0.29* | 1.86 ± 0.90* | 0.40 ± 0.24* | 1.93 ± 0.50* | 0.34 ± 0.30* |
200-399 | 0.50 ± 0.29* | 2.13 ± 0.87* | 0.41 ± 0.14* | 1.48 ± 0.54* | 0.47 ± 0.18* |
> 399 | 0.81 ± 0.27* | 2.22 ± 0.64* | 0.19 ± 0.21* | 1.59 ± 0.35* | 0.61 ± 0.40* |
Statistical parameters | r = 0.718 | r = 0.682 | r = 0.494 | r = -0.417 | r = 0.409 |
P = 0.002 | P = 0.001 | P = 0.001 | P = 0.001 | P = 0.001 |
Significantly higher than that of non-smokers