Table 1.
| Cell Type | LPA receptors implicated | Summary of findings | LPA species (concentration) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Natural Killer | LPA1,2,3 | Chemotaxis; mobilization of Ca2+ in activated cells; enhanced IFN-γ secretion; LPAR detected by flow cytometry | 18:1 (1–10 μM) | (38) |
| LPA2 | Inhibited release of perforin and cytotoxic activity; enhances cAMP levels and activates PKA | 14:0 (0.02–20 μM) | (39) | |
|
| ||||
| Mast cells | LPA1,2,3,4 (mRNA) | Growth factor (human); induces proliferation and differentiation | 18:1 (5 μM) | (40) |
| NA | Activates mast cells; causes tryptase release and vascular leakage in a mast-cell dependent manner in mice | LPA gel | (41) | |
| LPA1,3 | Histamine release, inhibited by DGPP | 18:1 (10 μg/ml) | (42) | |
| LPA2 | Production of MIP-1β, IL-8, MCP-1 in an IL-4 dependent manner | 18:1 and 18:2 (1–50 μM) | (43) | |
| LPA5 (mRNA) | MIP-1β release (human) | 18:1 (1–5 μM) | (44) | |
|
| ||||
| Neutrophils | NA | Infiltration of neutrophils in BALF of guinea pigs in Rho/ROCK dependent manner | 18:1 (1–10 μg/ml) | (45) |
| LPA1, 2 (mRNA and protein) | Chemotaxis, greater in for neutrophils from pneumonia patients | LPA (0.1–1 μM) | (46) | |
| NA | Degranulation, PA production | 18:1 (10–40 μM) | (47) | |
|
| ||||
| Macrophage/Monocyte | NA | Survival factor for murine macrophages via PI3K | 18:1 (7.7 μM) | (48) |
| NA | Upregulated IL-1β in mouse and human macrophages | NA | (49) | |
| NA | Monocyte migration to MCP-1 via iPLA2 at the leading edge | NA | (50) | |
|
| ||||
| B cells | LPA2 (mRNA) | B lymphoblast growth factor; MAPK activation; immunoglobulin production | 18:1 (0.1–1 μM) | (51) |
|
| ||||
| Lymphatic endothelium | LPA2 | Proliferation and lymphangiogenesis via IL-8 | 18:1 (0.5–10 μM) | (52) |
Notes: NA = not available; BALF = bronchoalveolar lavage fluids; PA = phosphatidic acid