Table 2.
Distribution of biomarkers characteristics of participants, with respect to the type of protein intake (Results are presented as mean±SD or P50 (P25-P75) (N=490)
| Characteristics | Animal protein | Plant protein | ||||||||||
| Haem | Non-haem | Low | Moderate | High | p† | |||||||
| Low | Moderate | High | p† | Low | Moderate | High | p† | |||||
| n=164 | n=163 | n=163 | n=164 | n=163 | n=163 | n=164 | n=163 | n=163 | ||||
| Urea, mg/dL | 34 (29-42) | 35 (30-43) | 34 (29-41) | 0.57 | 34 (29-41) | 34 (29-42) | 36 (30-41) | 0.43 | 35 (29-42) | 34 (30-43) | 34 (29-40) | 0.34 |
| Uric acid, mg/dL | 4.9±1.4 | 5.1±1.6 | 5.2±1.7 | 0.29 | 5.2±1.5 | 5.1±1.5 | 4.9±1.6 | 0.20 | 4.9±1.5 | 5.1±1.5 | 5.2±1.6 | 0.26 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.82±0.16 | 0.84±0.20 | 0.86±0.19 | 0.19 | 0.86±0.17 | 0.85±0.19 | 0.82±0.18 | 0.12 | 0.84±0.19 | 0.86±0.16 | 0.83±0.19 | 0.35 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 205±40 | 198±38 | 199±43 | 0.25 | 203±40 | 199±42 | 198±40 | 0.49 | 200±42 | 201±41 | 199±39 | 0.89 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 51±14 | 50±13 | 49±14 | 0.32 | 50±14 | 49±14 | 51±13 | 0.26 | 49±14 | 51±14 | 50±14 | 0.64 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 131±35 | 125±33 | 128±39 | 0.29 | 131±36 | 126±37 | 127±34 | 0.52 | 129±36 | 128±36 | 127±35 | 0.89 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 100 (69-136) | 99 (70-139) | 88 (62-132) | 0.19 | 97 (73-146) | 102 (67-143) | 81 (63-122) | 0.02 | 92 (65-128) | 93 (66-143) | 100 (67-133) | 0.72 |
| Iron, μg/dL | 89 (67-118) | 91 (71-115) | 85 (65-117) | 0.86 | 97 (73-122) | 88 (67-119) | 83 (64-108) | 0.01 | 86 (67-118) | 90 (65-115) | 90 (69-117) | 0.91 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 0.10 (0.00-0.30) | 0.10 (0.10-0.20) | 0.10 (0.00-0.20) | 0.09 | 0.10 (0.00-0.20) | 0.10 (0.10-0.20) | 0.10 (0.00-0.30) | 0.97 | 0.10 (0.00-0.30) | 0.10 (0.00-0.20) | 0.10 (0.00-0.30) | 0.57 |
| Cystatin C, mg/L | 0.87±0.17 | 0.85±0.16 | 0.81±0.15 | <0.001 | 0.84±0.17 | 0.84±0.15 | 0.84±0.16 | 0.97 | 0.84±0.17 | 0.85±0.16 | 0.83±0.16 | 0.47 |
| Haptoglobin, mg/dL | 134±59 | 124±55 | 124±51 | 0.33 | 126±49 | 130±61 | 126±56 | 0.82 | 128±64 | 124±48 | 129±54 | 0.79 |
| Ferritin, ng/dL | 61 (31-102) | 65 (30-123) | 66 (32-142) | 0.75 | 69 (36-139) | 71 (32-116) | 54 (28-99) | 0.18 | 55 (28-108) | 69 (32-129) | 65 (36-125) | 0.27 |
| Haemoglobin, g/dL | 13±1.3 | 13±1.3 | 14±1.4 | <0.001 | 14±1.3 | 13±1.4 | 13±1.3 | 0.006 | 13±1.3 | 14±1.4 | 14±1.4 | 0.55 |
| Haematocrit, % | 40±3.6 | 41±3.7 | 42±4.1 | <0.001 | 42±3.9 | 41±3.9 | 40±3.5 | 0.003 | 41±3.8 | 41±3.9 | 41±3.9 | 0.76 |
| White blood cells, 10^3/μL | 7.1±1.7 | 7.3±1.9 | 7.3±1.8 | 0.44 | 7.3±1.7 | 7.2±1.8 | 7.0±1.8 | 0.38 | 7.3±1.8 | 7.2±1.8 | 7.1±1.8 | 0.79 |
| Monocytes, 10^3/μL | 0.42±0.13 | 0.42±0.15 | 0.45±0.16 | 0.11 | 0.44±0.16 | 0.42±0.15 | 0.42±0.14 | 0.38 | 0.44±0.16 | 0.42±0.15 | 0.43±0.14 | 0.43 |
| Platelets, 10^3/μL | 234±51 | 232±53 | 229±55 | 0.65 | 227±53 | 237±50 | 231±56 | 0.28 | 241±56 | 230±55 | 224±47 | 0.02 |
†p values derived from one-way ANOVA for the normally-distributed variables (i.e. uric acid, creatinine, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, cystatine C, haptoglobin, heamoglobin, haematocrit, white blood cells, monocytes, and platelets) and Kruskal-Wallis H test for the skewed ones (i.e. urea, triglycerides, iron, C-reactive protein, and ferritin)