Table 5.

Clinical outcomes.

Study	Subjects	Setting	Outcomes studied	Race- or SES-based differences identified?	Relevant data
Nguyen, 200623	N=23,389 AA=2,288 H=1,834 W=18,368 Other=899	UC inpatients included in NIS from 1998-2003	• In-hospital mortality	Yes (SES) No (race)	• Odds of in-hospital mortality 3.3 times greater for Medicaid patients than privately insured patients • Crude in-hospital mortality was 0.91 per 1,000 hospital days among AA compared with 1.30 per 1,000 for W (P=NS)
Nguyen, 200719	N=41,918 A=269 AA=4,760 W=34,388 Other=816	CD inpatients included in NIS from 1998-2003	• In-hospital mortality	Yes (SES) No (race)	• Income below the median associated with 29% increased risk of in-hospital mortality • Crude in-hospital mortality was 6.6 per 10,000 hospital days for W, 6.4 per 10,000 for AA, 9.7 per 10,000 for H (P=NS) • A had statistically lower in-hospital mortality (0 deaths) compared with other races
Hoie, 200736	N=771	UC outpatients from multiple centers in Europe and Israel	• Disease relapse	Yes (SES)	• Overall 10-year relapse risk 67% • Higher education associated with 40% increased odds of first relapse • Educational status not associated with risk of subsequent relapse
Sentongo, 200237	N=112 AA=9 W=101 Other=2	CD inpatients at single university hospital	• Vitamin D status	Yes (race)	• 56% of AA had hypovitaminosis D, compared with only 13% of W

A, Asians; AA, African Americans; CD, Crohn's disease; NIS, Nationwide Inpatient Sample; SES, socioeconomic status; UC, ulcerative colitis; W, whites