Figure 3.

Associations between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication in different maternal compartments. A, Relationships between plasma HIV-1 RNA level or CD4 count (dichotomized at the median) and CMV in different maternal compartments. Odds ratios (ORs) and beta coefficients (β) derived from regression models: concurrent plasma HIV-1 RNA level as a predictor of plasma CMV DNA detection, cervical CMV DNA detection, and CMV DNA level in breast milk; CD4 count < 450/mm³ at 34 weeks gestation as a predictor of plasma CMV DNA detection, cervical CMV DNA detection, or CMV DNA levels in breast milk. B, ORs and β coefficients from GEE models illustrate relationships between HIV-1 and CMV measured concurrently within different maternal compartments: HIV-1 level and CMV DNA detection in plasma, HIV-1 RNA and CMV DNA detection in the cervix, and HIV-1 RNA detection and CMV DNA level in breast milk. All GEE models include time, which was significant. Models including breast milk exclude time points after 6 months when very few women were still breastfeeding. All models are adjusted for treatment allocation. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CMV, cytomegalovirus; GEE, generalized estimating equations; HIV, human immunodefiency virus; OR, odds ratio.