. 2014 Jan 29;9(1):e86724. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086724

Table 4. Serum analysis of ursolic acid treatment.

	NFD	HFD	L-UA	M-UA	H-UA
Serum biochemical indicators (mmol/L)
TG	1.04±0.04 ^a	1.21±0.03 ^b	1.02±0.03 ^ac	0.98±0.03 ^ac	0.95±0.02 ^c
TC	1.62±0.06^a	1.72±0.05 ^a	1.62±0.04^a	1.62±0.05^a	1.61±0.06^a
HDL-C	1.13±0.04^a	1.03±0.04^a	1.01±0.03^a	1.04±0.04^a	1.10±0.04^a
LDL-C	0.43±0.02 ^a	0.50±0.02 ^b	0.48±0.02^a	0.42±0.02 ^a	0.41±0.02 ^a
FFA	1.19±0.02 ^a	1.44±0.03 ^b	1.23±0.02 ^a	1.12±0.02 ^a	1.00±0.02 ^c
β-hydroxybutyrate (mmol/l)	0.92±0.03 ^a	0.68±0.04 ^b	0.91±0.04 ^a	1.06±0.12^a	1.23±0.04 ^c
Insulin resistance relative markers
Insulin (ng/ml)	0.59±0.01 ^ad	0.95±0.02 ^b	0.80±0.02 ^c	0.61±0.02 ^a	0.54±0.02 ^d
GLU (mmol/l)	5.00±0.27^a	5.07±0.16^a	5.03±0.25^a	4.94±0.24^a	4.92±0.23^a
HOMA-IR	8.38±0.30 ^a	13.81±0.35 ^b	11.50±0.23 ^c	8.40±0.20 ^a	7.74±0.27 ^a
Leptin (ng/ml)	2.85±0.07 ^a	7.78±0.06 ^b	5.95±0.05 ^c	3.70±0.08 ^d	3.06±0.06 ^e
Adiponectin (mg/l)	4.92±0.07 ^a	2.27±0.08 ^b	2.24±0.05 ^b	3.23±0.06 ^c	4.25±0.05 ^d
Inflammatory markers (pg/ml)
TNF-α	24.21±2.52 ^a	64.70±3.37^b	51.59±3.08 ^c	37.01±1.91^d	23.63±2.95 ^a
CCL2/MCP-1	28.11±1.43 ^a	48.62±1.04 ^b	47.13±1.10 ^b	42.84±1.17 ^c	30.29±1.05 ^a
IL-6	13.08±2.53 ^a	42.45±3.51 ^b	38.92±2.34 ^b	31.15±1.71 ^c	17.49±2.84 ^a
Oxidative stress markers
SOD (U/ml)	18.90±0.74 ^a	12.80±0.80 ^b	14.10±0.90 ^b	15.90±0.64 ^b	17.90±0.74 ^a
MDA (nmol/ml)	8.73±0.94 ^a	18.59±1.40 ^b	14.04±1.00 ^c	10.94±1.13 ^a	9.91±1.08 ^a
CAT (U/ml)	5.14±0.28 ^ad	3.21±0.14 ^b	3.87±0.25 ^c	4.65±0.09 ^d	5.50±0.10 ^a
GSH-PX (U/L)	754.39±17.53 ^a	300.45±21.07 ^b	371.97±15.88 ^c	556.26±25.97 ^d	713.67±11.69 ^a

The values with different superscripts are significantly different at P<0.05 (n = 10).