Table 2.
Reconstruction details along with operative complications
| Author | Year | # Pts | Extra sacral resection | Nerve sacrifice | Spinopelvic fixation (cephalad level) | Posterior pelvic ring fixation | Anterior spinal column support | Soft tissue flaps | Blood loss (mL) | Operative complications? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Humphries et al. [16] | 2010 | 1 | No | S1–S5 | PS (L3), connected to transverse rod between IS | (1) TI bar (2) IS with transverse rod (3) Titanium mesh cage between ilia |
– | VRAM | NR | S. epidermidis abscess, ischial decubitus ulcer |
| Gallia et al. [17] | 2010 | 1 | (B) ilia, L5 | L5–S5 | PS (L1), connected to transverse rod between IS | (1) 2 TI bars (2) IS with transverse rod (3) TI femoral graft |
(1) Vertical rod through L2–L4 bodies (2) Distractable cage between L4 endplate and TI bar |
Paraspinal and partial LD | 800 (stage 1), 8,500 (stage 2) | Abdominal hematoma, wound dehiscence, DVT |
| Varga et al. [10] | 2010 | 1 | No | S1–S5 | PS (L2), connected to IS with U-shaped rod | (1) Bone graft between ilium and L5 | – | GM | NR | NR |
| Newman et al. [11] | 2009 | 1 | (L) ilium | S1–S5 | PS (L1), connected to transverse rod between IS | (1) IS with two transverse rods (2) Stacked, carbon-fiber cages |
– | RAM + (R) GM | 1,500 | Flap hematoma |
| McLoughlin et al. [12] | 2008 | 1 | (B) ilia | S1–S5 | PS (L3), connected to IS; two vertical rods connected to PS rod and TI bar | (1) TI bar (2) TI femoral graft |
– | Alloderm sling | 6,000 | NR |
| Shen et al. [18] | 2006 | 1 | No | NR | PS (L2), connected to IS–two rods/side | – | (1) Bilateral titanium mesh cages from L5 to SI joint | (R) RAM | 1,100 (stage 1), 2,900 (stage 2) | Ileus |
| Gallia et al. [21] | 2005 | 1 | (B) ilia | S1–S5 | PS (L3), connected to transverse rod between IS | (1) TI bar (2) IS with transverse rod (3) TI femoral graft |
– | RAM | NR | Ileus, vocal cord paralysis, UTI, infection (8 mo) |
| Fourney et al. [2] | 2005 | 3 | No | S1–S5 | PS (L3), connected to Galveston rods | (1) TI bar (2) TI tibial graft |
– | RAM | NR | SB injury, upper GI hemorrhage and major wound dehiscence |
| GM | NR | |||||||||
| RAM | NR | |||||||||
| Dickey et al. [20] | 2005 | 6 | L5 (some cases) | S1–S5 | PS (L3 or L4), connected to IS | (1) 2 TI bars | (1) Two oblique, fibular grafts | RAM | NR | None |
| RAM | None | |||||||||
| RAM | NR | |||||||||
| None | None | |||||||||
| None | None | |||||||||
| RAM | Wound infection | |||||||||
| Min et al. [29] | 2005 | 1 | (B) ilia | S1–S4 | PS (L4), connected to IS | (1) Two TI tibial grafts | – | NR | 4,300 | Wound dehiscence |
| Zileli et al. [24] | 2003 | 1 | No | S1–S5 | PS (L2 or L3), connected to custom iliac plate | (1) Custom iliac plate | – | Myocutaneous | 3,400 | Instrument infection |
| 2 | PS (L2 or L3), connected to TI bar | (1) Two TI bars | NR | NR | NR | |||||
| Ohata et al. [13] | 2004 | 1 | (B) ilia | (L) L5 and S1–S5 | PS (L3), connected to IS | (1) TI bar (2) Two TI fibular grafts |
– | GM | 12,000 | UTI, instrument infection |
| Doita et al. [8] | 2003 | 3 | No | S1–S5 | PS (L5), connected to TI bar | (1) TI bar | – | NR | 9250 | NR |
| (B) ilia | PS (L3), connected to IS; fibular graft between posterolateral spine and ilia | (1) TI bar | – | NR | 7,500 | NR | ||||
| No | (R) sciatic, S1–S5 | NR | 9,600 | Wound infections (debridement) | ||||||
| Mooney et al. [14] | 1999 | 1 | No | S1–S5 | PS (L3), connected to Galveston rods | (1) TI bar (2) TI fibular graft |
(1) Two oblique, iliolumbar screws | GM | NR | NR |
| Sar et al. [25] | 2002 | 3 | NR | S1–S4 | PS (L3), connected to Galveston rods or IS | (1) one or two TI fibular graft | – | NR | NR | NR |
| Deep wound infection | ||||||||||
| NR | ||||||||||
| Wuisman et al. [19] | 2001 | 1 | (B) ilia | S1–S5 | PS (L2), connected to custom plate | (1) Custom iliac plate | – | GM | 8,500 | Right lateral wound dehiscence |
| Jackson et al. [22] | 2000 | 5 | NR | NR | PS (L3), connected to Galveston rods | (1) TI bar | – | RAM | NR | None |
| RAM | NR | Seizures and UTI | ||||||||
| RAM | NR | Small intestinal perforation, sepsis, coagulopathy, C. difficile | ||||||||
| GM | NR | C. difficile | ||||||||
| RAM | NR | UTI | ||||||||
| Spiegel et al. [15] | 1999 | 1 | (R) ilia | S1–S5 | PS (L3), connected to Galveston rods | (1) Pelvic reconstruction plate | – | NR | NR | NR |
| Gokaslan et al. [26] | 1997 | 2 | No | S1–S5 | PS (L3), connected to Galveston rods | (1) TI bar | – | RAM | 21,500 | NR |
| 21,700 | ||||||||||
| Santi et al. [30] | 1993 | 1 | No | S1–S5 | Hooks and CD rods, connected to TI bar (L4) | 1) Two TI bars | – | NR | 6,500 | NR |
| Shikata et al. [23] | 1992 | 1 | (B) ilia | L5–S5 | Two compression rods, connected to TI bar (L3) | (1) Two TI bars | – | NR | 6,300 | NR |
| Tomita et al. [27] | 1990 | 2 | No | S1–S5 | 2 Harrington rods; fibular grafts between L4 pedicles and ipsilateral ilium (NR) | (1) TI bar | – | NR | 7,500 | NR |
| No | (R) L5, S1–S5 | CD Instrumentation (T12) | (1) AO 16-hole broad plate (2) AO Reconstruction plate |
– | NR | 17,000 | Torn iliac vein | |||
| Shikata et al. [28] | 1988 | 2 | (B) ilia | S1–S5 | Two Harrington rods (L3); fibular grafts between L3, L4, and ipsilateral ilium | (1) Two TI bars | – | NR | 10,000 | NR |
B bilateral, L left, R right, N no, N/A not applicable, NR not reported, PS pedicle screw, IS iliac screw, TI transiliac, CD Cotrel–Dubousset, RAM rectus abdominis myocutaneous, LD latissimus dorsi, GM gluteus maximus